Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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agriculture, selects coastal land projects, carries out baseline studies and supportsresearch on coastal land development.• National Mangrove Resources Committee. This committee of the NationalResearch Council gives advice on planning and research methods and reviewsproblems with mangroves.Although NESDB has responsibility for policy, OEPP has responsibility for preparingand coordinating policy on national resource planning in the following areas:• preparation of policy and planning for conservation of environmental quality;• cooperation for environmental management;• monitoring and reporting problems with natural resources;• modification of projects that damage environmental quality;• Initiation and giving advice for international cooperation;• recommendations for policy and cooperation for environmental funds; and• resolution of environmental problems.PlanningAgencies that have planning responsibilities in coastal areas include:• Tourism Authority of Thailand;• Town and Country Planning Department;• National Resources and Environment Office;• Office of the National Research Council of Thailand;• Department of Land Development; and• Office of Environmental Policy and Planning.ImplementationThe main agencies implementing policies and plans are:• DOF, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives;• Royal Forest Department;• Office of Agricultural Economics;• Department of Land Development;• Pollution Control Department;• Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior;• Harbours Department and Department of Highways, Ministry of Transport andCommunications; and• Royal Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.Policies and regulationsDOF (1994) summarised the Thai Government policies regarding shrimp production.The government’s official goals are:• the total area under culture to 76,000 ha;#%
• conversion of traditional and semi-intensive farms to intensive culture;• enforcement of the treatment of effluent water prior to release into receivingwaters;• implementation of seawater irrigation systems in all major areas of shrimp cultureto increase the quantity of water available to shrimp farms;• strengthening of hatchery and farm registration to ensure shrimp product quality;• establishment of a product investigation laboratory in 1994 in every coastal provinceto investigate antibiotic residues before harvesting and before sale to coldstorageoperators;• research on marine shrimp spawner maturation in captivity to eventually minimisethe reliance on wild spawners;• research on shrimp genetics to develop fast-growing, disease-resistant strains;and• investigation of the potential of alternative species for pond culture.The specific regulations formulated by DOF (the Government Department whichdeals with shrimp aquaculture) to address the environmental problems of shrimpfarming are:1. shrimp farms and hatcheries must be registered;2. the BOD of effluent water must be below 10 mg/L and the Secchi disc transparencygreater than 60 cm;3. prior to discharge into canals etc., effluent water from farms greater than 50 raimust be treated in settling ponds of not less than 10% of the rearing pond area;and4. release of salt water into freshwater bodies and the discharge of silt and sedimentinto public water bodies or onto public land are forbidden.These listed policies and regulations appear straightforward enough, and to anextent have the potential to lessen the environmental impacts of shrimp farming, andtherefore to reduce some of the problems faced by the industry.DOF has also encouraged farmers to join cooperatives where members mustagree to adhere to effluent discharge practices that are not detrimental to others.According to S. Tookwinas (unpublished observation), this strategy is reasonablyeffective. In some groups the fine for breaking the cooperative’s rules is as high as2,000 baht (A$110), a much greater incentive to obey rules than the official fine.To overcome difficulties in planning and regulation, there is an urgent need forcoordinated approaches to deal specifically with issues of the shrimp industry and toformulate policies based on an assessment of all industry, environmental, social andeconomic issues. Such an approach could also help in determining effective methodsof implementing policies within the existing constraints of the government system.#&
Page 8 and 9: !The 1994 Workshop had a working hy
Page 11 and 12: !The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
Page 13 and 14: !ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
Page 15 and 16: !Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
Page 18 and 19: ! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
Page 20 and 21: !Domestic and world demandJapan is
Page 22 and 23: !Intensification of farms has been
Page 24 and 25: !no significant difference between
Page 26 and 27: !Production Practices and Technique
Page 28 and 29: !use water which is almost fresh (F
Page 30 and 31: !mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 50 and 51: cultural and environmental asset va
Page 52 and 53: $+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 54 and 55: $#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 56 and 57: $%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 58 and 59: capacities of alternative organisms
Page 60 and 61: sources. This is one of the greates
Page 62 and 63: Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
Page 64 and 65: Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
Page 66 and 67: Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
Page 68 and 69: Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
Page 70 and 71: !In the preliminary analysis, the s
Page 72 and 73: !until all variables had been teste
Page 74 and 75: !quality problem over the past 3 ye
Page 76 and 77: !Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
Page 78 and 79: !Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
Page 80 and 81: !Figure 5. Relationship between ave
Page 82 and 83: !southern). The linear regression m
Page 84 and 85: !Appendix. Results of logistic regr
Page 86 and 87: !2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
Page 88 and 89: !Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
Page 90 and 91: !8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
Page 92 and 93: !Variables in the equationConstant
Page 94 and 95: !A total of 49 participants were in
Page 96 and 97:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
Page 98 and 99:
!All issues are listed in Appendice
Page 100 and 101:
!!were short term and one issue was
Page 102 and 103:
!reared broodstock (issue 71). They
Page 104 and 105:
!!Two participants commented that i
Page 106 and 107:
mation transfer and training. This
Page 108 and 109:
108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
Page 126 and 127:
Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
!ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
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Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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