Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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!The 1994 Workshop had a working hypothesis that the pattern of development ofshrimp farming in coastal regions of Thailand—involving a period of rapid expansionfollowed by a decline in many areas—had occurred largely because of environmentalproblems that impacted on the industry. The 1994 Workshop proposed thatthe 1995 shrimp farm survey 1 should be used to investigate this hypothesis and that amore comprehensive workshop should be held at a later date to define the researchableissues and prioritise them.Preliminary ReviewIn 1995, a preliminary review of the literature was carried out, and the findings formthe basis for the chapter which follows (Jenkins et al., this report). In summary, thereview found that the Thai shrimp farming industry is highly productive but alsofaces various constraints which are not always effectively addressed by research.Water quality problems and disease syndromes which cause crop failures have beenfocused upon by researchers, however, these events are, in most instances, symptomsof underlying constraints rather than the cause of unsustainability. Research is neededto address some of the fundamental constraints, and also to help farmers exploit theopportunities for sustainable development of the industry.The review identified a total of 25 key constraints that could be addressed byresearch:• The relationships between the quality of sediment in ponds, farm managementpractices and water quality.• The role of microbial populations in water quality improvement in rearing pondsand the effect of currently used chemicals and probiotics.• The role of beneficial microbes in controlling pathogenic organisms.• The role, if any, of a healthy cuticle and gut flora and healthy microbial populationsin pond water on enhancing disease resistance in shrimp.• Identification of industrial and agricultural chemical pollutants in farm sourcewater and identification of their effects on shrimp growth and health.• Prediction of the occurrence of red tides and identification of reasons for theiroccurrence.• Assessment of the capacity of settlement ponds to improve pond influent/effluentwater quality. To investigate the efficiency of ponds of different configurations,so as to improve water quality in various production situations.• Assessment of the capacity of a range of plants and animals to remove wastesfrom effluent water.• Examination of the capacity of natural and artificial wetlands to treat effluentwater.1. The survey was carried out by the Department of Fisheries and the Network of Aquaculture Centres inAsia–Pacific (NACA) with financial support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).'
!• Improved understanding of pond ecology so natural production of plankton suitablefor shrimp food may be promoted by environmental manipulation.• Research into naturally occurring immunoenhancers and determination of the reasonsfor their effect.• The role of water quality in the development of various diseases.• Examination of sediment composition and methods of disposal and treatment.• Development of site assessment procedures to determine areas suitable for farmconstruction.• Development of integrated coastal zone management policies.• Development of methods to remediate land after shrimp farms have failed.• Identification of appropriate zones for shrimp farming in particular regions so thatthe environmental carrying capacity is not exceeded.• Identification of methods of transmitting to farmers current research findings andinformation regarding farm management practices which are least environmentallydamaging.• Improvement in hatchery techniques.• Domestication of broodstock so that it is possible to select for desirable inheritablecharacteristics.• Research into alternative species (to Penaeus monodon) for intensive and semiintensiveculture.• Experiments with mixed culture.• Economic rationalisation of the industry with full assessment of environmentaland social issues.• Market price and demand forecasts.• Research into the social impacts of shrimp farming.Statistical Analysis of the Farm-based SurveyIn 1996, statistical analysis of the data from the Thai shrimp farm survey commenced.Summary statistics were obtained, then various methods were used to investigateassociations between variables. Although there were some limitations in thedata, the analyses presented in Smith (1999) and Pe and Smith (this report) providean overview of the key factors affecting sustainability in shrimp aquaculture.In the first stage of the analysis, summary statistics for the farm survey weredetermined for 451 farms in 10 provinces of Thailand. There were 877 nominal,ordinal and continuous variables, from which 350 derived variables were calculated(i.e. ratios, indices, rates, percentages and proportions). Next, nine key variables forfarm productivity (i.e. key outcome variables) were selected for investigating associationswith the other variables in the database. This analysis revealed that there weresignificant correlations between the key outcome variables and 11 variables for sitedescription, 5 variables for farm management, 9 variables for problem analysis and18 economic variables. For site description, the province to which the farm belonged(
Page 11 and 12: !The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
Page 13 and 14: !ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
Page 15 and 16: !Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
Page 18 and 19: ! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
Page 20 and 21: !Domestic and world demandJapan is
Page 22 and 23: !Intensification of farms has been
Page 24 and 25: !no significant difference between
Page 26 and 27: !Production Practices and Technique
Page 28 and 29: !use water which is almost fresh (F
Page 30 and 31: !mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 46 and 47: agriculture, selects coastal land p
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 50 and 51: cultural and environmental asset va
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$+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
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$#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
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$%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
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capacities of alternative organisms
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sources. This is one of the greates
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Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
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Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
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Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
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Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
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!In the preliminary analysis, the s
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!until all variables had been teste
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!quality problem over the past 3 ye
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!Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
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!Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
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!Figure 5. Relationship between ave
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!southern). The linear regression m
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!Appendix. Results of logistic regr
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!2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
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!Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
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!8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
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!Variables in the equationConstant
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!A total of 49 participants were in
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
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!All issues are listed in Appendice
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!!were short term and one issue was
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!reared broodstock (issue 71). They
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!!Two participants commented that i
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mation transfer and training. This
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108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
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112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
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Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
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Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
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Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
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!ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
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