Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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$#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments to the development of a sustainable shrimp farming industry in Thailand and the research into these impediments, or themeasures taken to address them.Category Impediments to a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry Current or recent research in Thailand, or remediation measure aFeeds and feedmanagement(cont’d)Antibiotic andchemotherapeuticuse% Lack of clear signs of disease in shrimp that often makes diseaserecognition by farmers difficult and belated.%! Potential impacts of disease-causing micro-organisms on wildshrimp populations.% Inadequate knowledge of the immune system of shrimp.% Absence of disease-resistant stock.% Need to improve preventative techniques for disease control andincrease farmer awareness of safe chemical use.Sediment % Inadequate knowledge of the composition of sediment and itseffect on pond ecology.% Need to adopt environmentally sound methods for disposal ofpond-bottom sediment.Siting of farms % Clustering of farms increasing demand on water resources andrisk of self-pollution.% Construction of farms along water bodies with restricted flushing.Environment % Siting of farms in mangrove conservation areas and nationalparks.% Use of water at non-ambient salinities.%! Salinisation effects, including lands surrounding shrimp farmscaused by farm seepage etc.%! Risk of hypernutrification of coastal waters, canals and estuariesfrom untreated effluent and lack of data on the nutrient levels inwater in shrimp farming areas.% Research by CP, NICA, Aquatic Animal Health ResearchInstitute (AAHRI) and Aquastar.% Research by CP, NICA, AAHRI, ARRI and Aquastar.% Research by CP, NICA, AAHRI and ARRI.% Ongoing education of farmers by DOF and CP.% Education by DOF officers.% Ongoing monitoring and education program by DOF.% Some study by DOF, Aquastar and Instit. of Aquaculture intocomposition.% Considerable efforts by Government, DOF, and the privatesector to prevent conversion of mangroves to ponds.% !Study of the spread of salinity to rice fields by Maneepong(1993), Department of Geology, Prince of Songkhla University.% Ongoing monitoring program by Aquastar. Study by NACAand Pollution Control Department is about to begin.
Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments to the development of a sustainable shrimp farming industry in Thailand and the research into these impediments, or the measurestaken to address them.Category Impediments to a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry Current or recent research in Thailand, or remediation measure aEnvironment(cont’d)% Lack of identification of the ecological impacts of shrimp cultureon coastal and estuarine waters as a result of effluent discharge.% Lack of information on impacts on mangroves.% Need for land reclamation strategies for failed shrimp farms% Absence of integrated planning of coastal region development.%! Need for environmental assessment or evaluation before the constructionof most farms.%! No knowledge of the ideal ratio of shrimp farms to other land usesto maintain ecological integrity.%! Aesthetic changes in the landscape.Education %! Inadequate educational support for farmers to make them aware ofnew research findings and improved farm management practices.%! Lack of available information of farming practices which are mostenvironmentally sound, and lack of support to implement practices.%! Need for qualified and well-trained consultants to advise farmerson problems.Hatcheries %! Need to improve quality and disease status of hatchery-rearedpostlarvae.%! Reliance on wild-caught broodstock.%! Need for a reliable test to determine the health of postlarvae andconsequently to predict survival rates in rearing ponds.%! Aquastar has performed environmental impact studies prior toextensive farm construction.%! Ongoing education programs by DOF, CP and Aquastar.%! Research by Briggs (1992), Inst. of Aquaculture. Aquastarand AAHRI have also developed useful guidelines.$$
Page 8 and 9: !The 1994 Workshop had a working hy
Page 11 and 12: !The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
Page 13 and 14: !ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
Page 15 and 16: !Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
Page 18 and 19: ! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
Page 20 and 21: !Domestic and world demandJapan is
Page 22 and 23: !Intensification of farms has been
Page 24 and 25: !no significant difference between
Page 26 and 27: !Production Practices and Technique
Page 28 and 29: !use water which is almost fresh (F
Page 30 and 31: !mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 46 and 47: agriculture, selects coastal land p
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 50 and 51: cultural and environmental asset va
Page 52 and 53: $+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 56 and 57: $%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 58 and 59: capacities of alternative organisms
Page 60 and 61: sources. This is one of the greates
Page 62 and 63: Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
Page 64 and 65: Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
Page 66 and 67: Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
Page 68 and 69: Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
Page 70 and 71: !In the preliminary analysis, the s
Page 72 and 73: !until all variables had been teste
Page 74 and 75: !quality problem over the past 3 ye
Page 76 and 77: !Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
Page 78 and 79: !Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
Page 80 and 81: !Figure 5. Relationship between ave
Page 82 and 83: !southern). The linear regression m
Page 84 and 85: !Appendix. Results of logistic regr
Page 86 and 87: !2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
Page 88 and 89: !Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
Page 90 and 91: !8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
Page 92 and 93: !Variables in the equationConstant
Page 94 and 95: !A total of 49 participants were in
Page 96 and 97: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
Page 98 and 99: !All issues are listed in Appendice
Page 100 and 101: !!were short term and one issue was
Page 102 and 103: !reared broodstock (issue 71). They
Page 104 and 105:
!!Two participants commented that i
Page 106 and 107:
mation transfer and training. This
Page 108 and 109:
108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
Page 114 and 115:
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Page 118 and 119:
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Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
Page 126 and 127:
Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
!ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
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Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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