Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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!southern). The linear regression model given above is based on the variability at thefarm level, while the GIS mapping (Figures 5 to 8) is viewed at the province level.Finally, the findings indicate that the most appropriate unit for investigatingshrimp farming should be at the pond level rather than the farm level. To support thisidea, there is ample anecdotal evidence that each pond at a farm acts as a unit and theshrimp in a pond present with common disease symptoms, while neighbouring pondsoften have different characteristics. Hence, future surveys could provide for morepowerful analysis by placing greater emphasis on questions that investigate the individualponds at each farm.ConclusionsThe previous sections have described the results of the analysis of the data from theThai farm survey from the point of view of identifying the problems prevalent in theprovinces. The survey was a very large and ambitious one and consequently a largenumber of interviewers were needed. The quality of the interviews and the complexityof the questions in the survey became evident when performing data analysis andediting. Consequently, cleaning up of the data was a lengthy process and even afterthat there was still the problem of missing values in many variables.Nevertheless, the results of the analysis demonstrated that the average level ofproduction in the 10 provinces was different and due to a few clearly identifiable factors.It was possible to identify eight provinces using a total of 29 key variables, ahigh proportion of which related to environmental aspects of shrimp farming. This isan important and interesting finding because it provides strong evidence to supportthe hypothesis that environmental problems are the cause of reduced productivity andincidence of disease in shrimp farms.Petchaburi and Samut Sakhon Provinces, which are near Bangkok, could not beidentified using the variables in other provinces. Hence, there are factors other thanthose measured in the survey which are determining the characteristics of these provinces.In general, using the problem variables and descriptive variables it was possibleto identify more than 90% of the farms correctly.One interesting point was that the depth of production ponds did contribute to thevariability in the production of shrimp. Also, there was a negative correlationbetween market production and FCR as well as between market production and areaof production ponds. This supports the findings of the earlier analysis (see Smith1999a) that small, family-owned farms are the most productive units.Finally, the design of the questionnaire for future surveys needs to be greatlyaltered to enable powerful statistical analysis to be carried out. It is suggested that toinvestigate the key issues for sustainable coastal shrimp aquaculture, a more appropriatesampling unit could be the pond rather than the farm. Further, it is suggestedthat field measurements, global positioning system (GPS) readings and environmentalsamples should be taken by the interviewer in the process of future surveys.'+
!BibliograpyMAPINFO Professional User’s Guide 1995. New York, USA, MapInfo Corporation.MAPINFO Professional Reference 1995. New York, USA, MapInfo Corporation.Norusis, M.J. 1994. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists) Professional Statistics 6.1.Chicago, USA, SPSS Inc.Norusis, M.J. 1994. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists) Advanced Statistics 6.1.Chicago, USA, SPSS Inc.Smith, P.T. 1999a. Key issues based on an analysis of data from the Thai shrimp farm survey.In: Smith, P.T., ed., Towards sustainable shrimp culture in Thailand and the region.ACIAR Proceedings No. 90. Canberra, Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch (in press).Smith, P.T. 1999b. Possible applications of GIS to the Thai shrimp farm survey. In: Smith,P.T., ed., Towards sustainable shrimp culture in Thailand and the region. ACIAR ProceedingsNo. 90. Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (in press).Tavarutmaneekul, P. and Tookwinas, S. 1995. Shrimp and carp aquaculture sustainability andthe environment: Thailand study report. Regional Study and Workshop on AquacultureSustainability and the Environment, Beijing. Network of Aquaculture Centres inAsia–Pacific and the Thai Department of Fisheries, 12p.'"
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!The 1994 Workshop had a working hy
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!The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
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!ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
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!Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
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! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
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!Domestic and world demandJapan is
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!Intensification of farms has been
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!no significant difference between
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!Production Practices and Technique
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!use water which is almost fresh (F
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!mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 46 and 47: agriculture, selects coastal land p
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 50 and 51: cultural and environmental asset va
Page 52 and 53: $+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 54 and 55: $#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 56 and 57: $%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 58 and 59: capacities of alternative organisms
Page 60 and 61: sources. This is one of the greates
Page 62 and 63: Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
Page 64 and 65: Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
Page 66 and 67: Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
Page 68 and 69: Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
Page 70 and 71: !In the preliminary analysis, the s
Page 72 and 73: !until all variables had been teste
Page 74 and 75: !quality problem over the past 3 ye
Page 76 and 77: !Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
Page 78 and 79: !Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
Page 80 and 81: !Figure 5. Relationship between ave
Page 84 and 85: !Appendix. Results of logistic regr
Page 86 and 87: !2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
Page 88 and 89: !Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
Page 90 and 91: !8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
Page 92 and 93: !Variables in the equationConstant
Page 94 and 95: !A total of 49 participants were in
Page 96 and 97: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
Page 98 and 99: !All issues are listed in Appendice
Page 100 and 101: !!were short term and one issue was
Page 102 and 103: !reared broodstock (issue 71). They
Page 104 and 105: !!Two participants commented that i
Page 106 and 107: mation transfer and training. This
Page 108 and 109: 108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
Page 112 and 113: 112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
Page 122 and 123: Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 124 and 125: Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
Page 126 and 127: Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 130 and 131: !ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
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