Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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$+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments to the development of a sustainable shrimp farming industry in Thailand and the research into these impediments, or themeasures taken to address them.Category Impediments to a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry Current or recent research in Thailand, or remediation measure aWater quality(cont’d)% Self-pollution of water supplies from the discharge of effluentinto receiving waters. (High farm densities per km of coastlinemay exceed the capacity of the environment to assimilate farmdischarges in some areas.)% Gaps in knowledge regarding farm management practices andwater quality and lack of a clear understanding of the relationshipbetween sediment quality and water quality.% Need for improvements in on-farm water treatment and recyclingwhich have the potential to decrease environmentalimpacts of farms and to help reduce the impacts of poor qualitywater from supply sources.% Inadequate knowledge of the role of various micro-organisms inthe breakdown of metabolic wastes, unutilised food and chemicalsadded during the rearing process, and of environmentalmanipulation techniques which will optimise their growth andperformance.% Algal blooms in some locations with unknown impacts onshrimp production.% Ongoing studies by DOF. Current study by NACA and the PollutionControl Authority.% Studies have been carried out and are also currently under wayby researchers at CP, the National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture–Departmentof Fisheries (NICA), Institute of Aquaculture(University of Stirling, United Kingdom b ), Tinsulanonda SongkhlaFisheries College, Kasetsart University Faculty of Fisheries,NACA and the Pollution Control Department, Aquastar,MRAG c and Mahidol University.% DOF and CP are researching the development of a closedsystem where water is recycled within the farm and water isonly added to compensate for evaporative losses and to controlsalinity.% Currently under study by CP and S. Keawchum, Asian Instituteof Technology.% DOF recommends the use of reservoir ponds so that water canbe stored and used for water exchange during red tides.Effluent % Release of effluent from ponds can lead to changes in theecology of receiving waters and reduced carrying capacity.% Regulation by the DOF requiring farms greater than 50 rai tohave treatment ponds.
Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments to the development of a sustainable shrimp farming industry in Thailand and the research into these impediments, or the measurestaken to address them.Category Impediments to a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry Current or recent research in Thailand, or remediation measure aEffluent (cont’d) % Absence of a range of effective organisms for biological treatmentand improvement of effluent water quality.Feeds and feedmanagement% The current effluent standards for coastal aquaculture have notbeen based on an assessment of the impacts of effluent on receivingwaters.% Need to engage farmers and improve enforcement of currentDOF regulations governing effluent discharge.% Poor feed conversion ratios on some farms.% Need to improve quality of feeds, food conversion and improvedigestibility.% Poor knowledge of dietary requirements of shrimp.% Studied by CP and DOF. Also a study by Dr Turnbull (Inst. ofAquaculture) into commercially produced bacterial and enzymewater treatments.% Current project to determine effluent standards by NACA and thePollution Control Authority.%! Attempts by DOF to organise farmers into cooperative groups toencourage coordinated effluent release and to discourage therelease of poor quality effluent.% Current research by DOF, CP and Aquastar.% Current research by NICA, CP and Aquastar.% Insufficient information on the types of plankton most suitablefor shrimp feeds and the methods for promoting the growth ofsuch plankton so that natural productivity can contribute maximallyto production.% Inadequate knowledge of pond ecology and methods of manipulationto produce blooms of species of phytoplankton suitable forfood.% Inadequate diagnostic techniques for most shrimp diseases.% Ill-defined relationship between disease outbreaks and stressfactors such as water quality and overcrowding.% Absence of an understanding of the role that sediment qualityplays in stress in shrimp and disease development.% Current research by NICA, CP and Inst. of Aquaculture.% Research by CP, NICA and the Aquatic Resources ResearchInstitute (ARRI).% Research by CP and Aquastar.$"
Page 8 and 9: !The 1994 Workshop had a working hy
Page 11 and 12: !The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
Page 13 and 14: !ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
Page 15 and 16: !Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
Page 18 and 19: ! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
Page 20 and 21: !Domestic and world demandJapan is
Page 22 and 23: !Intensification of farms has been
Page 24 and 25: !no significant difference between
Page 26 and 27: !Production Practices and Technique
Page 28 and 29: !use water which is almost fresh (F
Page 30 and 31: !mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 46 and 47: agriculture, selects coastal land p
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 50 and 51: cultural and environmental asset va
Page 54 and 55: $#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 56 and 57: $%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 58 and 59: capacities of alternative organisms
Page 60 and 61: sources. This is one of the greates
Page 62 and 63: Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
Page 64 and 65: Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
Page 66 and 67: Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
Page 68 and 69: Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
Page 70 and 71: !In the preliminary analysis, the s
Page 72 and 73: !until all variables had been teste
Page 74 and 75: !quality problem over the past 3 ye
Page 76 and 77: !Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
Page 78 and 79: !Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
Page 80 and 81: !Figure 5. Relationship between ave
Page 82 and 83: !southern). The linear regression m
Page 84 and 85: !Appendix. Results of logistic regr
Page 86 and 87: !2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
Page 88 and 89: !Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
Page 90 and 91: !8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
Page 92 and 93: !Variables in the equationConstant
Page 94 and 95: !A total of 49 participants were in
Page 96 and 97: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
Page 98 and 99: !All issues are listed in Appendice
Page 100 and 101: !!were short term and one issue was
Page 102 and 103:
!reared broodstock (issue 71). They
Page 104 and 105:
!!Two participants commented that i
Page 106 and 107:
mation transfer and training. This
Page 108 and 109:
108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
Page 126 and 127:
Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
!ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
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Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

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