Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

cultural and environmental asset values are not discussed. In addressing sustainabilityof shrimp farming, it is important to go beyond the search for solutions to improve theproduction within the pond. They must deliberate upon and evaluate all issues affectingthe industry and then identify research and formulate policies accordingly.Some Key Researchable ConstraintsThe widespread recognition of the need to develop sustainable shrimp farming practiceshas been prompted by the failure of farms in various countries and in areas ofThailand. Much research has been directed toward on-farm management issues and tosolving production problems, mainly concentrating on water quality, and disease diagnosisand control. There is, however, a need to broaden research to encompass thewider social, economic and environmental issues beyond the immediate farm. Based onthis review, Table 12 lists the major impediments to a sustainable industry in Thailand.These were identified through an extensive literature survey and by interviewing avariety of researchers and officials from both private and Government organisations inThailand. Measures to tackle some of these impediments have been instituted andresearch into others has been performed or is currently being done. Table 12 lists thesemeasures or research projects, naming the persons or organisations involved.Some of the impediments to the development of a sustainable industry listed inTable 12 have the potential to be solved by research. Others, including all those identifiedin the regulation, policy and research sections, need to be addressed by changes inpolicy administration and management. These impediments have been presentedbecause their resolution is integral to the success of the implementation of researchfindings.Key researchable issues into sustainable shrimp farmingTable 12 allows the impediments to sustainable shrimp aquaculture to be identifiedand compared to the activities, processes and research that are currently underway to address these problems. Impediments that can be reduced by research are discussedhere and summarised in Table 13.Water qualityOne of the most important factors in the successful production of shrimp is waterquality. For this reason, this area has been the focus of a large proportion of researchprojects. Even so, there are still gaps in the understanding of the processes whichoccur within pond water and sediment and their relationships to shrimp health.Ongoing research by all major research institutions in Thailand is attempting toaddress these gaps. One area that continues to be neglected, however, is the relationshipbetween the quality of the sediment in ponds, the management practices whichcreate the sediment and the water quality, and shrimp health.$*
Table 12.Impediments to the development of a sustainable shrimp farming industry in Thailand and the research into these impediments, or the measures takento address them.Category Impediments to a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry Current or recent research in Thailand, or remediation measure aRegulation % Need to improve effectiveness of enforcement of governmentregulations, including zoning and limits to shrimp farm productionarea.% Absence of a government department to deal specifically withthe unique problems of the shrimp industry.% The requirement for larger farms to have settlement ponds of atleast 10% of their area has not been arrived at through detailedstudies to determine whether this area is sufficient to improvewater quality.Policy % !Need to base limit on the expansion of the shrimp industry on ascientific assessment of environmental carrying capacity.Research % Need to improve exchange of information and ideas betweenresearchers and workers in the government, academic andprivate sectors.% Need to improve effectiveness of transmission of currentresearch findings to policy makers, planners and farmers.% Industry research is primarily directed toward pond processeswith the aim of increasing or maintaining production. Otheraspects of the industry (e.g. environmental, social, marketing,improved engineering etc.) require more attention.Water quality % Pollution of water supply with industrial effluent, agriculturalchemicals etc.% This will be pursued in a current study by the Network of AquacultureCentres in Asia–Pacific (NACA) and the PollutionControl Department.% The Thai Department of Fisheries (DOF) and private companiesproduce some literature for farmers and organise seminars.These efforts should be expanded.% Charoen Pokphand Group (CP) and others are studying the safelevels of particular heavy metals and pesticides and attemptingto develop antidotes for pesticide-affected shrimp. NACA andthe Pollution Control Department are testing waters in shrimpfarming areas to identify and quantify pollutants.$)
Page 8 and 9: !The 1994 Workshop had a working hy
Page 11 and 12: !The Workshop at Hat Yai, SongkhlaA
Page 13 and 14: !ReferenceSmith, P.T., ed.. 1999. T
Page 15 and 16: !Shrimp Farming in ThailandOver the
Page 18 and 19: ! !Table 1. World production (# 1,0
Page 20 and 21: !Domestic and world demandJapan is
Page 22 and 23: !Intensification of farms has been
Page 24 and 25: !no significant difference between
Page 26 and 27: !Production Practices and Technique
Page 28 and 29: !use water which is almost fresh (F
Page 30 and 31: !mended quantities for application
Page 32 and 33: !the biological processes in sedime
Page 34 and 35: !factors (Fegan 1994). Environmenta
Page 36 and 37: !Acid sulphate soils occur in most
Page 38 and 39: during the rainy season, some deter
Page 40 and 41: Land subsidenceCoastal land subside
Page 42 and 43: first when an area becomes environm
Page 44 and 45: !Administration. Their work has inv
Page 46 and 47: agriculture, selects coastal land p
Page 48 and 49: Sustainability, Sustainable Develop
Page 52 and 53: $+Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 54 and 55: $#Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 56 and 57: $%Table 12. (cont’d) Impediments
Page 58 and 59: capacities of alternative organisms
Page 60 and 61: sources. This is one of the greates
Page 62 and 63: Table 13. (cont’d) Summary of the
Page 64 and 65: Boonyapiwat, S. 1989. Species of ph
Page 66 and 67: Katesombun, B. 1992. Aquaculture pr
Page 68 and 69: Sirisup, S. 1988 Socio-economic cha
Page 70 and 71: !In the preliminary analysis, the s
Page 72 and 73: !until all variables had been teste
Page 74 and 75: !quality problem over the past 3 ye
Page 76 and 77: !Figure 1. Characterisation of prov
Page 78 and 79: !Variables Contributing to Shrimp P
Page 80 and 81: !Figure 5. Relationship between ave
Page 82 and 83: !southern). The linear regression m
Page 84 and 85: !Appendix. Results of logistic regr
Page 86 and 87: !2) Trat ProvinceClassification tab
Page 88 and 89: !Chi-square df significanceModel Ch
Page 90 and 91: !8) Satun ProvinceClassification ta
Page 92 and 93: !Variables in the equationConstant
Page 94 and 95: !A total of 49 participants were in
Page 96 and 97: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Fi
Page 98 and 99: !All issues are listed in Appendice
Page 100 and 101:
!!were short term and one issue was
Page 102 and 103:
!reared broodstock (issue 71). They
Page 104 and 105:
!!Two participants commented that i
Page 106 and 107:
mation transfer and training. This
Page 108 and 109:
108Appendix 1. (cont’d) Descripti
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
112Appendix 2. Descriptive statisti
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix 5. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 124 and 125:
Appendix 7. Descriptive statistics
Page 126 and 127:
Appendix 7. (cont’d) Descriptive
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
!ParticipantsAustraliaDr Paul T. Sm
show all

Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand: Key Issues for Research

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?