Satellite detection of hazardous volcanic clouds and ... - Savaa - NILU

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Nat HazardsFig. 5 Long-term mean meridional winds in m s -1 for (a) January and (b) July (Reproduced from NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, see: http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/PublicData/getpage.pl)123
Nat HazardsFig. 6 Latitude-height cross-sections of the mean zonal winds for (a) January and (b) July (After Fleminget al. 1988)A dispersion model (PUFF) animation of this encounter can be found at: http://puff.images.alaska.edu/Redoubt_webpage/Puff_redoubt_ash.shtml. A more recent event in thisregion occurred in February 2000 when Cleveland volcano (52.82° N, 167.95° W) eruptedand sent an extensive plume of ash towards the north-northeast, in agreement withexpectation based on the mean wind circulation—for animation of this event see:http://puff.images.alaska.edu/animations/Cleve_021901_76.gif. Some ash also moved in asouth–southeast direction and intersected air traffic off the west coast of the USA. Fouraviation encounters were reported in the vicinity of the volcano, and one encounter wasreported off California at FL-300 with a B-747 (Simpson et al. 2002).Aviation traffic is increasing and is expected to grow at a rate of between 2.2% to 4.7%per year for the period 1990–2050 (ESCAP 2005). There are significant regional differencesin the current growth rate of commercial aviation traffic and also in the projected123
Page 1 and 2: Nat HazardsDOI 10.1007/s11069-008-9
Page 3 and 4: Nat HazardsThe article is organized
Page 5 and 6: Nat Hazardscloud. Figure 1a-h shows
Page 7 and 8: Nat HazardsFig. 2 An ash ‘‘risk
Page 9 and 10: Nat Hazardsinferred later. Once a s
Page 11 and 12: Nat Hazardsmeasurements have tracke
Page 13: Nat Hazardsdominating at latitudes
Page 17 and 18: Nat HazardsHolocene and historicall
Page 19 and 20: Nat Hazardscloud encounters. The in
Page 21 and 22: Nat HazardsHolasek RE, Woods AW, Se

Satellite detection of hazardous volcanic clouds and ... - Savaa - NILU

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