Satellite detection of hazardous volcanic clouds and ... - Savaa - NILU

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Nat HazardsFig. 8 Asia Pacific regional air traffic density from monthly averaged forecast NOx emissions for FL 350 toFL 390 (pressure altitudes of 33,000 ft up to 39,000 ft) taken from the AERO2k emissions inventory ofEyres et al. (2004). Forecast emissions are shown for April 2025. The colour code is linearly scaled withgreatest emissions represented as deepest blue. The red triangles indicate the positions of Holocene andHistorically listed volcanoes taken from the Smithsonian database (Simkin and Siebert 1994). There are over450 volcanoes indicated on the plot. The AIRS SO 2 column observations from the eruption of Anatahanduring 6–8 April 2005 are also shown on this plot. These data are scaled to show the relative columnamounts each day as observed by AIRS, with red representing the highest values and lilac, the lowestThis much more objective estimate of the cloud height can then be used to forecast thecloud movement with greater confidence and accuracy. For some regions, where 15-mininfrared data are available from geosynchronous satellites, it will be possible to reliablytransmit accurate 3D trajectories of hazardous volcanic clouds for use by the aviationindustry. By supplying height and horizontal spatial information on the location andmovement of volcanic clouds, the aviation industry will be able to re-route air traffic asnecessary and at the same time minimize the extra fuel used. Satellite data can also be usedto identify volcanic clouds that are predominantly composed of SO 2 and/or volcanic ash.This information may be used by the aviation industry to determine the appropriate postmaintenanceprocedures required in the event of an encounter with a volcanic cloud. Asash is known to cause engine damage and clogging of pitot static tubes and SO 2 is notimplicated in this kind of damage, there may be an economic advantage in utilizing thisinformation.It has been noted that commercial and freight air traffic is growing globally andregionally, with the Asia Pacific region experiencing one of the highest annual growthrates. The region also contains many volcanoes and is thus vulnerable to air traffic volcanic123
Nat Hazardscloud encounters. The introduction of fleets of HSCT travelling at speeds of up to mach 2.5and cruising at altitudes as high as 20 km will increase the aviation/volcanic cloudencounter risk. The much higher aircraft speeds will also demand much shorter warningtimes, suggesting a need for either a constellation of polar-orbiting instruments or anetwork (5–6) of geosynchronous rapid scan instruments. Vulnerability maps can bedeveloped based on proxies for air traffic densities, which provide a good indication of theair traffic spatial habit. Atmospheric dispersion models are now capable of providingreliable forecasts of volcanic cloud movement for several days from the onset of eruption,provided good injection height information is available. The air traffic density maps,dispersion model runs, volcano locations and wind analyses provide the ingredients todevelop scenarios for aviation/volcanic cloud encounters. These scenario generators can beused for examining risks and vulnerabilities and for examining potential problems shouldHSCT aircraft become operational.AppendixTable 4 List of acronymsASTERAIRSATSRAVHRRCALIPSOGOESGOMEHIRSHYSPLITIASIIRMetOPMLSMODISMSGMUTNOAAOMIPUFFSCIAMACHYSEVIRITIROSTOMSUVVISSRAdvanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection RadiometerAtmospheric InfraRed SpectrometerAlong-Track Scanning RadiometerAdvanced Very High Resolution RadiometerCloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite ObservationsGeosynchronous Orbiting Environmental SatelliteGlobal Ozone Monitoring ExperimentHigh resolution InfraRed SounderHYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated TrajectoryInfrared Atmospheric Sounding InterferometerInfraRedOperational meteorological satelliteMicrowave Limb SounderModerate Resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMeteosat Second GenerationMid- and Upper-TroposphereNational Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationOzone Monitoring InstrumentVolcanic Ash Tracking ModelSCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CartographySpinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed ImagerTelevision and Infrared Orbiting SatelliteTotal Ozone Mapping SpectrometerUltra-VioletVisible and Infrared Spin Stabilized Radiometer123
Page 1 and 2: Nat HazardsDOI 10.1007/s11069-008-9
Page 3 and 4: Nat HazardsThe article is organized
Page 5 and 6: Nat Hazardscloud. Figure 1a-h shows
Page 7 and 8: Nat HazardsFig. 2 An ash ‘‘risk
Page 9 and 10: Nat Hazardsinferred later. Once a s
Page 11 and 12: Nat Hazardsmeasurements have tracke
Page 13 and 14: Nat Hazardsdominating at latitudes
Page 15 and 16: Nat HazardsFig. 6 Latitude-height c
Page 17: Nat HazardsHolocene and historicall
Page 21 and 22: Nat HazardsHolasek RE, Woods AW, Se

Satellite detection of hazardous volcanic clouds and ... - Savaa - NILU

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