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298 Jose P. Mestre et al.Larkin, J. H., & Reif, F. (1979). Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> teaching problem solving in physics.EuropeanJournal<strong>of</strong>Science Education, 1(2), 191–203.Leonard, W. J., Dufresne, R. J., & Mestre, J. P. (1996). Using qualitative problem-solvingstrategies to highlight <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> conceptual knowledge in solving problems. AmericanJournal<strong>of</strong> Physics, 64(12), 1495–1503.Mazur, E. (1997). Peer instruction:A user’smanual. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Mestre, J. P., Dufresne, R. J., Gerace, W. J., Hardiman, P. T., & Touger, J. S. (1993).Promoting skilled problem-solving behavior among beginning physics students.Journal<strong>of</strong> ResearchinScienceTeaching, 30(3), 307–317.Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc.Novak,G.,Patterson,E.,Gavrin,A.,&Christian,W.(1999).Just-in-time teaching:Blending active <strong>learning</strong> with web technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Priest, A. G., & Lindsay, R. O. (1992). New light on novice-expert differences in physicsproblems solving. BritishJournal<strong>of</strong>Psychology, 83(3), 389–405.Reif, F., & Heller, J. I. (1982). Knowledge structure <strong>and</strong> problem solving in physics.Educational Psychologist, 17(2), 102–127.Savelsbergh, E. R., de Jong, T., & Ferguson-Hessler, M. G. M. (2002). Situationalknowledge in physics: <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> electrodynamics. Journal <strong>of</strong> Research in ScienceTeaching, 39(10), 928–951.Simon, D. P., & Simon, H. A. (1978). Individual differences in solving physics problems.In R. S. Siegler (Ed.), Children’s thinking:What develops? (pp. 325–361). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.Smith, A. D., Mestre, J. P., & Ross, B. H. (2010). Eye-gaze patterns as students studyworked-out examples in mechanics. Physical Review SpecialTopicsçPhysics EducationResearch, 6(020118), 1–9.Sokol<strong>of</strong>f, D. R., & Thornton, R. K. (2004). Interactivelecture demonstrations, active<strong>learning</strong>inintroductory physics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Stelzer, T., Brookes, D., Gladding, G., & Mestre, J. (2010). Impact <strong>of</strong> multimedia <strong>learning</strong>modules on an introductory course on electricity <strong>and</strong> magnetism. AmericanJournal <strong>of</strong>Physics, 78, 755–759.Stelzer, T., Gladding, G., Mestre, J., & Brookes, D. (2009). Comparing <strong>the</strong> efficacy <strong>of</strong>multimedia modules with traditional textbooks for <strong>learning</strong> introductory physicscontent. AmericanJournal<strong>of</strong>Physics, 77, 184–189.Thornton, R. K., & Sokol<strong>of</strong>f, D. R. (1998). Assessing student <strong>learning</strong> <strong>of</strong> Newton’slaws:The force <strong>and</strong> motion conceptual evaluation <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> evaluation <strong>of</strong> active <strong>learning</strong>laboratory <strong>and</strong> lecture curricula. AmericanJournal <strong>of</strong>Physics, 66(4), 338–352.Tuminaro, J., & Redish, E. F. (2007). Elements <strong>of</strong> a cognitive model <strong>of</strong> physics problemsolving: Epistemic games. Physical Review SpecialTopicsçPhysics Education Research, 3(020101), 1–22.Walsh, L. N., Howard, R. G., & Bowe, B. (2007). Phenomenographic study <strong>of</strong>students’ problem solving approaches in physics. Physical Review Special TopicsçPhysics Education Research, 3(020108), 1–12.White, S., & Tesfaye, C.L. (2010). Who teaches high school physics? Results from <strong>the</strong>2008-2009 nationwide survey <strong>of</strong> high school physics teachers. College Park, MD:American Institute <strong>of</strong> Physics. Retrieved February 15, 2011, from http://www.aip.org/statistics/trends/reports/hsteachers.pdf.
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Series EditorBRIAN H. ROSSBeckman I
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viContents3. Science of Multimedia
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xContributorsHenry L. Roediger, III
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xiiPrefaceand there has been much e
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xivPrefaceInterventions for improvi
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38 John Sweller1. INTRODUCTIONCogni
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40 John Sweller‘‘baby-talk.’
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42 John Swellerof cognitive or meta
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44 John SwellerTable 1Natural Infor
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50 John Swellerto mutation, without
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58 John SwellerWe can determine lev
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60 John Swellerthan memorizing the
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62 John SwellerTable 2EffectVariabi
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64 John Swelleroccurs when students
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66 John Sweller3.3.3. The Split-Att
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68 John Swellermerely restates the
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70 John SwellerThe expertise revers
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72 John Swellerobtained a reverse m
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74 John Swelleractivities that othe
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76 John SwellerRenkl, A. (2005). Th
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78 Richard E. Mayercognitive theory
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80 Richard E. Mayerpictures beginni
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82 Richard E. MayerThe dualchannelp
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84 Richard E. Mayerlearner selects
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86 Richard E. MayerRosenthal, Rosno
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88 Richard E. MayerGenerative proce
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90 Richard E. Mayer4.2. Evidence-ba
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92 Richard E. Mayersituation could
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94 Richard E. Mayer(Moreno & Mayer,
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96 Richard E. Mayer4.3.1. Segmentin
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98 Richard E. Mayerpresenting the w
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100 Richard E. MayerThe multimedia
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102 Richard E. Mayergame in industr
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104 Richard E. MayerClark, R. C., &
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106 Richard E. MayerMayer, R. E., &
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108 Richard E. MayerSweller, J. (19
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Incorporating Motivation into a The
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CHAPTERFIVEOn the Interplay of Emot
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Implications for Enhancing Academic
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CHAPTERSIXThere Is Nothing So Pract
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There Is Nothing So Practical as a
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CHAPTERSEVENThe Power of Comparison
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The Power of Comparison in Learning
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The Power of Comparison in Learning
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CHAPTEREIGHTThe Ubiquitous Patterns
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The Ubiquitous Patterns of Incorrec
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