Evaluation of Septic Tank and Subsurface Wetland for

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Small wetlands for single-family sanitation systems may use a variety of plants that improve water treatment and add color to the water garden. Plants such as the soft rushes (Juncus balticus, Juncus effuses), umbrella palms (Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus) and woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) have deep roots and do not grow too tall. These are beneficial characteristics. Graceful cattail (Typha laxmanii) is a dwarf variety that does not grow too tall but has shallow roots. Iris (Iris versicolor) and thalia (Thalia dealbata) provide attractive blooms and foliage variety, but may not significantly enhance water treatment (Schellenberg, 2001). Larger SSF wetland beds may use native aquatic plants such as rushes (Juncus), cattails (Typha), reeds (Phragmites) and bulrushes (Scirpus) that are tolerant to flooding and wastewater. One study indicated that broadleaf cattails may outperform some rushes and bulrushes in improving effluent quality, and having more than one type of plant may improve system performance (Coleman, et al., 1999). No routine cutting or harvesting is required to operate a wetland, but regular harvesting will increase nutrient removal from the effluent (Koottatep et al., 1997; USEPA, 2000). The R2RW wetlands evaluated were sized for an expected hydraulic loading of 1 USgal/ft 2 . No slope was built into the floors. The beds were filled with ½-inch stone to a depth of approximately 20 inches and planted with wild cane (Gynerium sagittatum). Parallel beds were built at each site to provide operational flexibility. Wetland effluent pipes were fit with PVC elbows that could be turned so the bed water level could be controlled. 13
Chapter 3 – Site Descriptions Figure 3-1 Jamaica’s watersheds with the Great River watershed in the northwest labeled as “3.” (Map courtesy of Water Resources Authority, Kingston) Figure 3-2 Jamaica’s Great River watershed. (Map courtesy of Ridge to Reef Watershed Project, National Environment and Planning Agency, Kingston.) 14
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Septic Tank and Subsu
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Locally designed wastewate
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments Major funding was p
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 6 - Costs ……………
Page 9 and 10: Table 5-6 Parameters Influencing Bi
Page 11 and 12: The predominant geological formatio
Page 13 and 14: plants discharging a volume of 20m
Page 15 and 16: lack access to acceptable excreta d
Page 17 and 18: Critical design parameters for sept
Page 19 and 20: Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
Page 21: inging larger rock from a distant q
Page 25 and 26: Wetland inlet sample point Flush to
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3-4 Pisgah wetland beds befo
Page 29 and 30: times over a two-week period, grew
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-7 Retrieve youth in front
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 4 - Methodology Field Data
Page 35 and 36: out (see Figure 4-2). Locating the
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-3 Media porosity measureme
Page 39 and 40: Laboratory Water Quality Analysis A
Page 41 and 42: NEPA laboratory also does not test
Page 43 and 44: Since evapotranspiration decreases
Page 45 and 46: The water level in the middle of th
Page 47 and 48: BOD was determined to be 53% at Pis
Page 49 and 50: solids than a sample point that pul
Page 51 and 52: Table 5-4 Ammonia (NH3-N) for Pisga
Page 53 and 54: Table 5-5 Nitrate (NO3-N) for Pisga
Page 55 and 56: o Alkalinity Nitrification and deni
Page 57 and 58: system were measured to be 3.3 mg/l
Page 59 and 60: coliform by 88%. The Retrieve septi
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 - Cost of Pisgah and Retr
Page 63 and 64: The septic tanks will have to be pu
Page 65 and 66: Jamaica may refer to the hydraulic
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 8 - References APHA (Americ
Page 69 and 70: Pennant, Joseph, (2005), Assistant
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 9 - Appendices Appendix 1 -
Page 73 and 74:
7-Dec- 2004 SET FIVE Sample BOD TSS
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 3 - Determination of 90% C
Page 77 and 78:
Appendix 4 - Conductance of Water C
Page 79 and 80:
Appendix 6 - Total Dissolved Nitrog
Page 81 and 82:
Appendix 8 - Evapotranspiration Det
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