Evaluation of Septic Tank and Subsurface Wetland for

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George, D.B., Combs, D.L., Andrews, H.T., Berk, S.G., Kemp, M.C., O’Brien, K.L., Lovegrove, J.S., Grimsley, R.E., Winfree, S.K., Tsai, P.J., (2000), “Development of Guidelines and Design Equations for Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Municipal Wastewater,” Center for the Management, Utilization and Protection of Water Resources, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee. Gray, P. A., (2001), Illustration from “A Manual for Our Sewage Customers” created by Associates in Rural Development for the Jamaican National Water Commission, Coastal Water Quality Improvement Project II (CWIP II), task order under the Integrated Water and Coastal Resources Management Indefinite Quantity Contract, contract number LAG- I-00-99-00018-00. Hach, (2002), Water Analysis Handbook 4 th Edition, Hach Company, Loveland, CO. Hammer, Donald A. and Knight, Robert L., (1994), “Designing Constructed Wetlands for Nitrogen Removal,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 15-27. Kalliola, R., Salo, J., Puhakka, M., Rajasilta, M., (1991), “New Site Formation and Colonizating Vegetation in Primary Succession on the Western Amazon Floodplains,” Journal of Ecology 79(4), pp. 877-901, [Reference drawn from Francis, J. K. “Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. POACEAE Wild Cane” U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan PR]. Koottatep, T. and Polprasert, C., (1997), “Role of Plant Uptake on Nitrogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands Located in the Tropics,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 1-8. Masi, F., Bendoricchio, G., Conte, G., Garuti, G., Innocenti, A., Franco, D., Pietrelli, L., Pineschi, G., Pucci, B., Romagnolli, F., (2000), “Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Italy: State-of-the Art and Obtained Results,” Italian Section of IWA Specialist Group on the Use of Macrophytes for Water Pollution Control, IRIDRA S. r. l. – Via Lorenzo il Magnifico 70 – 50129 Firenze – Italy. Morris, Steve, Water Quality Officer, Ministry of Health, Trelawny Parish, personal communication during and subsequent to a site visit of upper Trelawny in November 2003. NWC, (2004), Wastewater Test Results Logbook, Records for 2003 and 2004, National Water Commission Western Division Laboratory, Bogue, St. James. NWC, (2005), Wastewater Test Results Logbook, Records for January – June 2005, National Water Commission Western Division Laboratory, Bogue St. James. Onada, Historical Interbank Exchange Rate, http://www.oanda.com/convert/fxhistory , last accessed March 2005. 59
Pennant, Joseph, (2005), Assistant Hydrologist, Water Resource Authority, Kingston, personal correspondence from November 2004 to August 2005. Rahman, Md. Mujibur, Shahidullah, A.H.M., Ali, M. Ashraf, (1999), “An Evaluation of Septic Tank Performance,” Proceedings from 25 th Water Engineering Development Center Conference on Integrated Development for Water Supply and Sanitation, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. Reed, S.C., Crites, R.W., Middlebrooks, E.J., (1995), Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Reed, S.C., Aulenbach, D., Bavor, H., Bouwer, H., Crites, R., Kinshella, P., Middlebrooks, J., Otis, R., Parten, S., Polprasert, C., Reimold, R., Shober, R., Smith, R., Tchobanoglous, G., Wallace, A., Watson, J., Zimmerman, M., (2001), Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment, WEF Manual of Practice No. FD-16, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA. Schellenberg, Dan, (2001), Constructed Wetlands in East Texas, Design, Permitting, Construction and Operations, Volumes 1 and 4, Pineywoods Resource Conservation and Development Council, Nacogdoches, TX. Seabloom, R.W., Carlson, D.A., Engeset, J., (1982), “Septic Tank Performance, Compartmentation, Efficiency and Stressing,” Proceedings from 4 th Northwest On-site Waste Water Disposal Short Course - Implementation of New and Old Technologies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Smikle, Dwight, (2000), “Hydrostratigraphic Map of Jamaica, Annex 1 Explanatory Notes,” Water Resource Authority, Kingston, Jamaica. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D., (2003), Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, McGraw-Hill, New York. Underground Water Authority, (1996), “Groundwater Quality Assessment of The Liguanea Plains Sub-Basin,” Underground Water Authority, Kingston, Jamaica. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1980), Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, US EPA 625/1-80-012, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1993), Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands for WasteWater Treatment, A Technology Assessment, EPA 832-R-93-008, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. 60
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Septic Tank and Subsu
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Locally designed wastewate
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgments Major funding was p
Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 6 - Costs ……………
Page 9 and 10:
Table 5-6 Parameters Influencing Bi
Page 11 and 12:
The predominant geological formatio
Page 13 and 14:
plants discharging a volume of 20m
Page 15 and 16:
lack access to acceptable excreta d
Page 17 and 18: Critical design parameters for sept
Page 19 and 20: Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
Page 21 and 22: inging larger rock from a distant q
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 3 - Site Descriptions Figur
Page 25 and 26: Wetland inlet sample point Flush to
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3-4 Pisgah wetland beds befo
Page 29 and 30: times over a two-week period, grew
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-7 Retrieve youth in front
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 4 - Methodology Field Data
Page 35 and 36: out (see Figure 4-2). Locating the
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-3 Media porosity measureme
Page 39 and 40: Laboratory Water Quality Analysis A
Page 41 and 42: NEPA laboratory also does not test
Page 43 and 44: Since evapotranspiration decreases
Page 45 and 46: The water level in the middle of th
Page 47 and 48: BOD was determined to be 53% at Pis
Page 49 and 50: solids than a sample point that pul
Page 51 and 52: Table 5-4 Ammonia (NH3-N) for Pisga
Page 53 and 54: Table 5-5 Nitrate (NO3-N) for Pisga
Page 55 and 56: o Alkalinity Nitrification and deni
Page 57 and 58: system were measured to be 3.3 mg/l
Page 59 and 60: coliform by 88%. The Retrieve septi
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 - Cost of Pisgah and Retr
Page 63 and 64: The septic tanks will have to be pu
Page 65 and 66: Jamaica may refer to the hydraulic
Page 67: Chapter 8 - References APHA (Americ
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 9 - Appendices Appendix 1 -
Page 73 and 74: 7-Dec- 2004 SET FIVE Sample BOD TSS
Page 75 and 76: Appendix 3 - Determination of 90% C
Page 77 and 78: Appendix 4 - Conductance of Water C
Page 79 and 80: Appendix 6 - Total Dissolved Nitrog
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 8 - Evapotranspiration Det
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