per liter <strong>of</strong> water treated per day. Operation <strong>and</strong> maintenance costs are expected to be low because these natural wastewater treatment systems require little or no power input. The rate <strong>of</strong> sludge buildup in the septic tanks was 1 to 3 inches per year, but this may not represent typical septic tank operation since the tanks were previously aerobic. Only black water entered these systems, <strong>and</strong> the introduction <strong>of</strong> gray water may affect the treatment per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>and</strong> rate <strong>of</strong> sludge buildup. 57
Chapter 8 – References APHA (American Public Health Association), (1975), St<strong>and</strong>ard Methods <strong>for</strong> the Examination <strong>of</strong> Water <strong>and</strong> Wastewater 14 th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. APHA (American Public Health Association), (1998), St<strong>and</strong>ard Methods <strong>for</strong> the Examination <strong>of</strong> Water <strong>and</strong> Wastewater 20 th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bernhart, A. P., (1972), “Small Wastewater Units <strong>for</strong> Soil Infiltration <strong>and</strong> Evapotranspiration,” Suburban Sewage Disposal Conference, Michigan Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Lansing, Michigan. Coleman, J., Hench, K., Garbutt, K., Sexstone, A., Bissonnette, G. <strong>and</strong> Skousen, J., (1999), “Treatment <strong>of</strong> Domestic Wastewater by Three Plant Species in Constructed Wetl<strong>and</strong>s,” Department <strong>of</strong> Biology <strong>and</strong> Division <strong>of</strong> Plant <strong>and</strong> Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Cooper, P.F., (1993), “The Use <strong>of</strong> Reed Bed Systems to Treat Domestic Sewage: The European Design <strong>and</strong> Operations Guidelines <strong>for</strong> Reed Bed Treatment Systems,” in Constructed Wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>for</strong> Water Quality Improvement, G. A. Moshiri (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida [Reference drawn from Master <strong>of</strong> Science Thesis: “Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>Evaluation</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Town <strong>of</strong> Monterey Wastewater Treatment Plant Utilizing <strong>Subsurface</strong> Flow Constructed Wetl<strong>and</strong>s” by Br<strong>and</strong>on D. Kirac<strong>of</strong>e, Virginia Polytechnic Institute <strong>and</strong> State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, July 2000]. Cotterel, Horace, (2005), Registered Civil Engineer, National Works Agency, Montego Bay, personal communications in June 2005. Crites, R. <strong>and</strong> Tchobanoglous, G., (1998), Small <strong>and</strong> Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York. D’Ella, C. F.; P. A. Steudler <strong>and</strong> N. Corwin, (1977), “Total Dissolved Nitrogen Assay Determination <strong>of</strong> total nitrogen in aqueous samples using persulfate digestion,” Limnology & Oceanography, 22: 760-764, Provided by the International Institute <strong>for</strong> Infrastructure, Hydraulic <strong>and</strong> Environmental Engineering, The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s. Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, Basil P., (1993), “Water Resources <strong>of</strong> Jamaica, Availability <strong>and</strong> Quality,” Underground Water Authority, Kingston, Jamaica. 58
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