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According to the latest assessment by Nuclear Engineering International, which assesses about400 of the world’s nuclear reactors, the global annual load factor of nuclear power plants slightlyincreased to 72 percent (+1.4 percent), but is still significantly below the 77 percent in 2010. 36Slovenia's one‐reactor program achieved the highest load factor in 2014 with 100 percent,followed by Romania (95.2 percent), Taiwan (93.7 percent) and Finland (93.4 percent). 37Romania and Finland lead the lifetime load factors with 91.3 and 87.5 percent respectively.However, the two countries only operate two and four reactors respectively.Amongst the larger nuclear programs, the most remarkable annual changes in 2014 in load factorperformance are reported, on the positive side, from South Korea (+9.2 percentage points,recovering from the quality‐control scandal), South Africa (+7.2 percent) and Ukraine(+5.4 percentage points could not make up for the 2013 drop of 6.3 percentage points due tomajor upgrading work) and on the negative side from Belgium (–14 percentage points mainlytriggered by the continuing problem with pressure vessel faults at two reactors) and China (–7 percentage points).Figure 3: Annual Nuclear Share in Electricity Mix by Country and Historic Maximum% Nuclear Share in Electricity Production in 2014/2013100& Historic Maximum90(in %)807060504030Historic Maximum20142013© Mycle Schneider Consulting20100Sources: IAEA‐PRIS, MSC, 2015In many cases, even where nuclear power generation increased, the development is not keepingpace with overall increases in electricity production, leading to a nuclear share below the historicmaximum (see Figure 3).36 Nuclear Engineering International (NEI) load factor definition: “Annual load factors are calculated bydividing the gross generation of a reactor in a one‐year period by the gross capacity of the reactor(sometimes called output), as originally designed, multiplied by the number of hours in the calendar year.The figures are expressed as percentages. Where a plant is uprated, the revised capacity is used from the dateof the uprating.”37 Unless noted otherwise, all load factor figures in this report are from Caroline Peachey, “Load Factors toend December 2014”, NEI, May 2015 (print version).Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2015 25
There were three exceptions in 2015 besides Iran, which started its first and sole nuclear reactoronly in 2012:• China exceeded its previous maximum of 2.2 percent, already achieved in 2003, to reach2.4 percent. The 0.2 percentage‐point increase was achieved with a three times higher nuclearpower output in 2014 than in 2003.• Hungary beat its 25‐year‐old record by 3.2 percentage points to reach 53.6 percent.• Russia increased its 2012 record by 0.8 percentage points to 18.6 percent.Since the first nuclear power reactor was connected to the Soviet power grid at Obninsk on27 June 1954, there have been two major waves of startups ). The first peaked in 1974, with26 grid connections in that year. The second reached a historic maximum in 1984 and 1985, justbefore the Chernobyl accident, reaching 33 grid connections in each year. By the end of the 1980s,the uninterrupted net increase of operating units had ceased, and in 1990 for the first time thenumber of reactor shutdowns outweighed the number of startups. The 1991–2000 decadeshowed far more startups than shutdowns (52/30), while in the decade 2001–2010, shutdownsoutweighed startups (35/32). In other words, after 2000, it took a whole decade to connect asmany units as in a single year in the middle of the 1980s. Between 2011 and the mid‐2015, thestartup of 24 reactors did not match the shutdown of 32 units over the same period—largely as aresult of the events in Fukushima. In 2014, five reactors started up (three in China, one inArgentina, one in Russia) and one was shut down (Vermont Yankee in the U.S.). In the first half of2015, four reactors started up in China and one in South Korea, while two were shut down (Doel‐1 in Belgium 38 , Grafenrheinfeld in Germany). In addition, five closures were announced in Japan. 39All 40 reactors, except for one (Argentina) that started up over the past decade are in Asia (China,India, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea), or Eastern Europe (Romania, Russia, Ukraine). 40 With18 units, China started up by far the largest fleet, followed by India (7) and South Korea (5).The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in its online database Power ReactorsInformation System (PRIS) still counts 43 units in Japan in its total number of 438 reactors “inoperation” 41 ; yet no nuclear electricity has been generated in Japan since September 2013 and itis currently unclear whether any unit will restart operations in 2015. 42 The year 2014 was the38 On 18 June 2015, the Belgian Parliament voted legislation to extend the lifetime of Doel‐1 and ‐2 by tenyears. However, the decision remains subject to the approval by the national nuclear safety authority. Seealso section on Belgium in Annex 1.39 The World Nuclear Industry Status Report (WNISR) modifies the statistics retroactively according to thelatest electricity generation of the officially shutdown units, which was in 2010 (2) and 2011 (3), which raisesthe number of units taken off the grid in Fukushima‐year 2011 from 19 to 22. This number is likely to risefurther, with additional final closure announcements to be expected in Japan.40 The last units to start up in the Western world were Argentina’s Atucha‐2 in 2014 after 33 years ofconstruction, Brazil’s Angra‐2 in 2000 after 24 years, and Civaux‐2 in France in 1999 after 8.5 years.41 IAEA, “Power Reactor Information System”, see http://www.iaea.org/pris/, accessed 27 June 2014.42 On 8 June 2015, the Japanese regulator announced the “discovery of numerous incomplete documents anderroneous written entries” concerning the Sendai nuclear power plant—Sendai is at this point considered themost advanced site in the restart attempts in Japan—and that it was “redoing portions of the pre‐serviceinspections”. The Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) stated that “it seems pointless to hope that the powerMycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2015 26
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national energy bureau around two w
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scale they would manage to lower th
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The top of the reactor building of
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TEPCO and the Government are planni
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out that TEPCO’s lax management o
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physical condition or suicide (“e
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In March 2015, Fukushima Prefecture
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“Rising long‐term natural gas p
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projects came in at an average of U
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Figure 20: Wind, Solar and Nuclear,
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to rapidly accelerate the use of lo
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• In Germany, renewables provided
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target is undoubtedly ambitious, bu
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Annex 1: Overview by Region and Cou
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U.S. that have “shown interest in
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The construction of Angra‐3 was s
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project boosted the nameplate capac
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Shuttering old, uneconomic reactors
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In the case of Vogtle, a report for
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limit their competitiveness to meet
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generation projects in oversupplied
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identified and solved will we allow
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commercial operation only on 31 Dec
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TEPCO that its staff had deliberate
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produce plutonium for use in MOX fu
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Power's Takahama‐3 and ‐4, with
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Kansai Electric, along with Kyushu
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permanent closure of five reactors
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contractor and China Nuclear Indust
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in May 2013, when the NSSC, followi
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The political consequences of the m
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The European Union 28 member states
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In the absence of any successful ne
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of the serious concerns by a range
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negative outlook, “owing to conti
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The average age of France’s power
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EDF shares lost up to 85 percent of
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power output is expected to rise si
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low 639 , and coal‐fired generati
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under construction. It was therefor
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utilize the fuel that it obtained b
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opinion at any of the sites propose
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In Bulgaria, nuclear power provided
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criteria defined in the tender”.
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signed a binding agreement that mad
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let the reactor operate until 2026.
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time of ordering, the reactors were
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intergovernmental agreement to comp
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Takahama‐1 (PWR) 826 1974 - 40 10
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IAEA have chosen to limit the LTS c
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Note: SFP: Spent Fuel Pool, RPV: Re
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Table 10: Definition of Credit Rati
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Monticello 3/71 3/05 11/06Palisades
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(as of 10 June 2015) 764Table 12: C
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2. Chinese Nuclear Power Plants Und
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2006-08, he carried out research at
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CGN or CGNPC - Chinese General Nucl
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INS - Indian Nuclear SocietyINSAC -
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NSSC - Nuclear Safety and Security
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UNSCEAR - United Nations Scientific
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Romania 2 1 300 14 18. 5% (‐) 8%
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Shandong Shidaowan 200 01/12/12 2/2
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USA 5 5 633Virgil C. Summer‐2 111
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25 Delayed numerous times. Latest I
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