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definitive closure of the Indian reactor Rajasthan‐1, offline since 2004, was announced inSeptember 2014 47 . Consequently, both units were taken off the LTO list. The total number ofnuclear reactors in LTO as of 1 July 2015 is therefore 41; yet all but one (Monju) are consideredby the IAEA as “in operation”.As of 1 July 2015, a total of 391 nuclear reactors are operating in 30 countries, up three units(+0.5 percent) from the situation one year ago. The current world fleet has a total nominal electricnet capacity of 337 gigawatts (GW or thousand megawatts), up from 333 GW (+1.2 percent) oneyear earlier (see Figure 6).Figure 6: World Nuclear Reactor Fleet, 1954–2015GWe450400350300250200150© Mycle Schneider ConsultingNuclear Reactors & Net Operating Capacity in the Worldin GWe, from 1954 to 1 July 2015Reactors in operationOperable capacity312 GWe420 reactors438 reactors336.5 GWe391 reactorsNumber ofReactors50040030020010050100001954196019701980198919902000200220102015Sources: IAEA‐PRIS, MSC, 2015For many years, the net installed capacity has continued to increase more than the net increase ofnumbers of operating reactors. This was a result of the combined effects of larger units replacingsmaller ones and, mainly, technical alterations at existing plants, a process known as uprating. Inthe United States, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has approved 156 uprates since1977. These included, in 2014, five minor uprates of 1.6 percent and two substantial ones (PeachBottom‐2 and ‐3) with 12.4 percent. The cumulative approved uprates in the United States total7.3 GW,48 most of which have already been implemented. A similar trend of uprates and majoroverhauls in view of lifetime extensions of existing reactors is seen in Europe. The main incentivefor lifetime extensions is their considerable economic advantage over new‐build. Upgrading but47 Deccan Herald, “End of the road for RAPS 1”, 6 September 2014, seehttp://www.deccanherald.com/content/429550/end‐road‐raps‐1.html, accessed 24 June 2015.48 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), “Approved Applications for Power Uprates”, Updated26 August 2014, see www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/power‐uprates/status‐powerapps/approved‐applications.html,accessed 10 June 2015.Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2015 29
extending the operating lives of older reactors usually also yields lower safety margins thanreplacement with more modern designs.It appears, however, that the incentives and opportunities for power uprates are decreasing, asthe number of units with pending applications in precursor country U.S. dropped from 20 in 2011to one in 2014 at Catawba‐1 for a minor 1.7 percent increase. In addition, minor uprates of1.6 percent are “on hold” at the three Oconee units. The total capacity increase that would occur,should all four uprates be implemented, would be limited to 61 MW—insignificant (0.06 percentof installed nuclear capacity) on a U.S. scale. 49The use of nuclear energy remains limited to a small number of countries, with only 31 countries,or 16 percent of the 193 members of the United Nations, operating nuclear power plants as ofJune 2015 (see Figure 2). Close to half of the world’s nuclear countries are located in theEuropean Union (EU), and in 2014 they accounted for 34.5 percent of the world’s gross nuclearproduction, 50 with half that EU generation in France.Just as one year ago, currently 14 countries are building nuclear power plants (see Table 1). Afterthe 3/11 events, Japan halted work at two units, Ohma and Shimane‐3, which had been underconstruction since 2007 and 2010 respectively. Officially, construction “partially resumed” atOhma in October 2012 51 and Shimane‐3 has remained “under construction”, according to theJapan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) 52 and IAEA statistics. However, in view of the currentsituation in Japan, it seems increasingly unlikely that these plants will be completed, as it will behard enough for the industry to get its completed but stranded plants restarted (see Japan Focus).The two units are therefore not included in the WNISR number of units under construction.As of the middle of July 2015, 62 reactors are considered here as under construction, five fewerthan WNISR reported a year ago. Four‐fifths of all new‐build units (50) are in Asia and EasternEurope, of which half (24) are in China alone. Over 60 percent (38) of the units underconstruction are located in just three countries: China, India, and Russia. Ten projects startedconstruction in 2013, in the U.S. (4), China (3), Belarus (1), South Korea (1) and United ArabEmirates (1). Three building sites were launched in 2014—one each in Argentina, Belarus, andUnited Arab Emirates (UAE). In the first half of 2015, China restarted construction on the onlytwo projects that got underway in the world. However, some Chinese sources indicate that theseare still two “leftover” units from pre‐3/11 planning and cannot be considered a part of a newseries.49 NRC, “Pending Applications for Power Uprates”, Updated 30 April 2012,see www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/power‐uprates/status‐power‐apps/pending‐applications.html,accessed 10 June 2015.50 BP, “Statistical Review of World Energy”, June 2015. BP corrected the 2013 value from 35.7 percent to35.2 percent.51 J‐Power, “2014 Annual Report”, August 2014, see http://www.jpower.co.jp/english/ir/pdf/2014.pdf,accessed 11 June 2015.52 JAIF, “Nuclear Power Plants in Japan”, 22 May 2013.Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2015 30
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The top of the reactor building of
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TEPCO and the Government are planni
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out that TEPCO’s lax management o
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physical condition or suicide (“e
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In March 2015, Fukushima Prefecture
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“Rising long‐term natural gas p
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projects came in at an average of U
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Figure 20: Wind, Solar and Nuclear,
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to rapidly accelerate the use of lo
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• In Germany, renewables provided
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target is undoubtedly ambitious, bu
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Annex 1: Overview by Region and Cou
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U.S. that have “shown interest in
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The construction of Angra‐3 was s
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project boosted the nameplate capac
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Shuttering old, uneconomic reactors
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In the case of Vogtle, a report for
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limit their competitiveness to meet
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generation projects in oversupplied
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identified and solved will we allow
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commercial operation only on 31 Dec
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TEPCO that its staff had deliberate
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produce plutonium for use in MOX fu
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Power's Takahama‐3 and ‐4, with
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Kansai Electric, along with Kyushu
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permanent closure of five reactors
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contractor and China Nuclear Indust
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in May 2013, when the NSSC, followi
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The political consequences of the m
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The European Union 28 member states
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In the absence of any successful ne
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of the serious concerns by a range
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negative outlook, “owing to conti
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The average age of France’s power
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EDF shares lost up to 85 percent of
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power output is expected to rise si
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low 639 , and coal‐fired generati
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under construction. It was therefor
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utilize the fuel that it obtained b
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opinion at any of the sites propose
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In Bulgaria, nuclear power provided
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criteria defined in the tender”.
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signed a binding agreement that mad
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let the reactor operate until 2026.
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time of ordering, the reactors were
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intergovernmental agreement to comp
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Takahama‐1 (PWR) 826 1974 - 40 10
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IAEA have chosen to limit the LTS c
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Note: SFP: Spent Fuel Pool, RPV: Re
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Table 10: Definition of Credit Rati
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Monticello 3/71 3/05 11/06Palisades
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(as of 10 June 2015) 764Table 12: C
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2. Chinese Nuclear Power Plants Und
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2006-08, he carried out research at
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CGN or CGNPC - Chinese General Nucl
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INS - Indian Nuclear SocietyINSAC -
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NSSC - Nuclear Safety and Security
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UNSCEAR - United Nations Scientific
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Romania 2 1 300 14 18. 5% (‐) 8%
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Shandong Shidaowan 200 01/12/12 2/2
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USA 5 5 633Virgil C. Summer‐2 111
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25 Delayed numerous times. Latest I
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