PMFA1

and ‐4 in Ukraine are approaching the 30‐year mark with construction times reaching 29 and28 years respectively. 54• Two units in India, Kudankulam‐2 and the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), have beenlisted as “under construction” for 13 and 11 years respectively. The Olkiluoto‐3 reactor projectin Finland will reach its tenth anniversary in August 2015.The lead time for nuclear plants includes not only construction times but also lengthy licensingprocedures in most countries, complex financing negotiations, and site preparation. There has been a clear global trend towards increasing construction times. National buildingprograms were faster in the early years of nuclear power. As Figure 8 illustrates, constructiontimes of reactors completed in the 1970s and 1980s were quite homogenous, while in the pasttwo decades they have varied widely. Average construction time of the five units—three Chinese,one Russian, and one Argentinian that took 33 years to complete—that started up in 2014 was16.3 years, while it took an average of 5.8 years to connect five units—four Chinese and one SouthKorean—to the grid in the first half of 2015.Figure 8: Average Annual Construction Times in the World 1954–July 2015Years2220181614121086© Mycle Schneider ConsultingAverage Annual Construction Times in the World 1954-2015(by grid connection date)420Size proportional to number of reactors-21950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Sources: MSC based on IAEA‐PRIS 201554 The Ukrainian Government announced on 23 June 2015 that it decided to cancel the agreement with Russiaand the Russian builder Atomstroyexport claiming Russia's “failure to meet its obligations”. The Czechcompany Skoda JS is said to be picking up the task to complete construction. Source: World Nuclear News(WNN), “Ukraine prepares to cancel Khmelnitski agreement with Russia”, 24 June 2015, seehttp://www.world‐nuclear‐news.org/NN‐Ukraine‐prepares‐to‐cancel‐Khmelnitski‐agreement‐with‐Russia‐2406201501.html, accessed 24 June 2015.Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt et al. World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2015 33