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4.4 MFC-R2 SIGNALING 93Figure 4.4-2. Release-guard signals: (a) clear-forward, (b) release-guard signal when clear-backsignal has been sent, and (c) release-guard signal when clear-back signal has not been sent.As shown in Fig. 4.4-2, if the incoming exchange receives a clear-forward after ithas sent a clear-back, the release-guard signal is a 450-ms tone-off pulse (b). Ifthe incoming exchange has not sent a clear-back when it receives the clear-forward,the release-guard signal is a change to on-hook, 450 ms after the receipt of the clearforward(c).National R2 Supervision Signals. Most national R2 systems use pulsedout-of-band supervision signals. There are several country-specific pulsed signalingsystems, for example:Forward SignalsPulse Duration (ms)Seizure 150Clear-forward 600Backward SignalsPulse Duration (ms)Answer 150Clear-back 600Release-guard 600BlockingContinuous
94 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANGE SIGNALING4.4.2 Supervision Signaling on Digital TrunksNetworks that use national or international R2 signaling use El first-order transmissionsystems for digital trunks [4]. The bit streams on these multiplexes are organizedin frames that are transmitted at a rate of 8000 frames/s. Each frame has 32eight-bit time slots, numbered from TS 0 through TS 31 —Fig. 1.5-4(b). Time slotsTS 1 through TS 15 and TS 17 through TS 31 carry PCM-encoded speech, or 64-kb/ssubscriber data, for 30 trunks. For frame alignment, bits 2 through 8 of TS 0 havethe fixed pattern 0011011.A superframe consists of 16 consecutive frames, numbered from 0 through 15.For superframe alignment, bits 1 through 4 in TS 16 of frame 0 are coded 0000.TS 16 in frames 1 through 15 carries four status bits (a,b,c,d) for the trunks:< Bits in Time Slot 16 >1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a b c d a b c dFrame 1 ,Trunk 1. ,Trunk 17.Frame 2 ,Trunk 2. ,Trunk 18.Frame . 3.,Trunk . 3..,Trunk . 19..Frame 15 ,Trunk 15. ,Trunk 31.The supervision signaling for digital international R2 trunks is continuous, withtwo forward and three backward trunk states that are represented by bits a f ,b f , anda b ,b b , respectively. Bits c and d are not used and are set to 0 and 1.The signaling can be applied to one-way and bothway trunks. On one-way trunks,only one exchange can seize a trunk and send forward bits a f and b f , and the otherexchange sends backward bits a b and b b . On bothway trunks, the roles of theexchanges vary from call to call, depending on which exchange seizes the trunk.The idle state at both ends of a trunk is represented by a,b ¼ 1,0. The supervisionsignals are represented by changes in bit patterns:Forward SignalsChangeSeizure a f ,b f : 1,0 ! 0,0Clear-forward a f ,b f : 0,0 ! 1,0Backward SignalsChangeSeizure acknowledgment a b ,b b : 1,0 ! 1,1Answer a b ,b b : 1,1 ! 0,1Clear-back a b ,b b : 0,1 ! 1,1Release-guard a b ,b b : 1,1 ! 1,0or a b ,b b : 0,1 ! 1,0
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Signaling inTelecommunicationNetwor
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Copyright # 2007 by John Wiley & So
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CONTENTSPreface to the Second Editi
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CONTENTSix8.4 Basic Error Correctio
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CONTENTSxiChapter 16 Transaction Ca
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PREFACE TO THESECOND EDITIONThe fir
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1INTRODUCTION TOTELECOMMUNICATIONST
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1.1 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS 3Fig
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1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 9Local exchange
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1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 11The NANP (for
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1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 13Fi
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1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 15Fi
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 17In the IC
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 19Figure 1.
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 21Figure 1.
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 23land bas
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 25Figure 1
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 27Figure 1
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1.6 SPECIAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
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1.7 EXCHANGES 35Figure 1.7-2. Local
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1.7 EXCHANGES 37Figure 1.7-4. Excha
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1.8 ACCESS NETWORKS AND LINE CONCEN
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1.10 REFERENCES 41ISDNITUITU-TLATAL
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Page 62 and 63: 2.1 OVERVIEW 45networks and in the
Page 64 and 65: 2.1 OVERVIEW 47not involved in a ca
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Page 68 and 69: 2.3 ACRONYMS 51. Communications Sta
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Page 73 and 74: 56 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.1-1
Page 75 and 76: 58 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.2-1
Page 77 and 78: 60 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.2.5 Tones
Page 79 and 80: 62 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGHook Status.
Page 81 and 82: 64 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGthe low-grou
Page 83 and 84: 66 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.4.3 Tones
Page 85 and 86: 68 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCall Waiting
Page 87 and 88: 70 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.6.1 Caller
Page 89 and 90: 72 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCalled Party
Page 91 and 92: 74 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGRRRSSSCSITSL
Page 93 and 94: 76 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANGE
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Page 117 and 118: 100 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANG
Page 128 and 129: 5INTRODUCTION TOCOMMON-CHANNEL SIGN
Page 130 and 131: 5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 113Figure 5.
Page 132 and 133: 5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 115Quasiasso
Page 134 and 135: 5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 117Figure 5.
Page 136 and 137: 5.2 SIGNALING LINKS AND SIGNAL UNIT
Page 142 and 143: 5.3 ACRONYMS 125In the final step o
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144 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTAB
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146 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSFig
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148 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSC-C
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150 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTAB
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152 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKScan
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154 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSIDT
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7INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALINGSYSTEM NO
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7.1 SS7 STRUCTURE 159Message Transf
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7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALING POI
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7.3 SS7 SIGNAL UNITS AND PRIMITIVES
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7.4 ACRONYMS 165Figure 7.3-3 shows
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8SS7 MESSAGE TRANSFER PARTThe Messa
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8.2 MTP LEVEL 1 1698.1.2 Message Tr
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 171In e
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 173The
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 175Figur
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 177Figur
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8.5 PREVENTIVE CYCLIC RETRANSMISSIO
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8.6 SIGNALING LINK MANAGEMENT 181In
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8.7 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 3 183Figu
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8.8 MTP3 SIGNALING MESSAGE HANDLING
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8.9 MTP3 SIGNALING NETWORK MANAGEME
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8.10 ACRONYMS 199H1 Message heading
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9TELEPHONE USER PARTThe Telephone U
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9.2 CALL-CONTROL MESSAGES AND SIGNA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 211TA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 213Wh
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 215On
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.6 VERSIONS OF TUP SIGNALING 2259.
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9.7 ACRONYMS 227ACM Address Complet
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9.8 REFERENCES 229SAOSECSHPSISIFSIM
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232 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING SY
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TABLE 10.3-3 Information Elements i
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11ISDN USER PARTThis chapter resume
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11.2 ISUP MESSAGES, FORMATS, AND PA
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TABLE 11.2-2 Parameters in ISUP Cal
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 305In the
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 307Figure
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11.6 OTHER SIGNALING PROCEDURES 309
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11.7 SIGNALING PROCEDURES FOR FAILE
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11.8 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE INTERNAT
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11.9 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE UNITED S
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11.10 ACRONYMS 323transferred trans
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11.11 REFERENCES 325SCCP Signaling
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12SIGNALING IN CELLULARMOBILE TELEC
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12.1 INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR MOBIL
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Figure 12.2-1. Transmission of mess
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.4 AMPS MESSAGE FORMATS AND PARAM
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 353s
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 355p
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12.6 SIGNALING IN IS-54 CELLULAR SY
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12.7 INTRODUCTION TO THE GSM CELLUL
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12.8 SIGNALING BETWEEN MOBILE AND N
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.10 ACRONYMS 385FVCGAWGSMIMEIIMSI
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12.11 REFERENCES 3875. Public Land
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390 AIR INTERFACE SIGNALING IN CDMA
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TABLE 13.3-1 Forward CDMA Physical
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14INTRODUCTION TOTRANSACTIONSThe TU
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14.2 SS7 ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSACTI
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CCIS Common-channel interoffice sig
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466 SIGNALING CONNECTION CONTROL PA
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TABLE 15.2-2 Parameters in SCCP Mes
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16TRANSACTION CAPABILITIESAPPLICATI
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 499Figure 16.1-1.
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 501TABLE 16.1-1 T
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 503TABLE 16.1-4Co
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 505ASN
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 507TAB
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 509Fig
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16.3 TRANSACTION AND INVOKE IDENTIT
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16.4 U.S. NATIONAL TCAP 513TABLE 16
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16.6 ACRONYMS 51516.6 ACRONYMSAC Ap
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17TRANSACTIONS ININTELLIGENT NETWOR
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17.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT NE
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 521so
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 523is
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 525th
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 527en
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17.3 AIN MESSAGES AND TRANSACTIONS
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 535Figure 1
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 537Bits DC.
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 539Par.19 P
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17.5 CODING OF DATA ELEMENTS 541Par
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 543TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 545TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 54717.
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 549Snapshot Monit
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 551We assume that
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 553info_analyzed
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17.9 REFERENCES 555GTA Global title
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18INTELLIGENT NETWORKAPPLICATION PA
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18.1 INTRODUCTION 559Figure 18.1-2
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18.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 561.
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18.3 CAPABILITY SETS 563CS-2. This
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 565TABLE 18.4-1
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 567SACF. MACF a
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 569TABLE 18.4-5
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18.5 ETSI INAP 571At the end of the
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18.7 REFERENCES 573SSPT_BCSNTCTCAPU
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18.7 REFERENCES 57544. Interface Re
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578 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.1 INT
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580 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMSCs (d)
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582 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTASEs in
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584 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTOn recei
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586 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTFigure 1
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588 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTunrecogn
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596 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.4.3 M
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600 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.5.3 E
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602 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.4 Au
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604 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.11 D
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606 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.22 S
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608 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.6.2 E
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614 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTby a “
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616 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTVLR now
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624 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMAP_COMP
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626 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTThe VLR
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628 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTISDNITUI
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20INTRODUCTION TO PACKETNETWORKS AN
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20.1 PACKET-BASED COMMUNICATION 633
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 643F
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 645T
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 647c
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 649s
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 651There
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 653Voice
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 655some V
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 657On the
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20.4 LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR VoIP
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20.5 ACRONYMS 66520.5 ACRONYMSAAA A
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20.6 REFERENCES 66720.6 REFERENCES1
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21SIGNALING FOR VoIP21.1 INTRODUCTI
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 67121.2 THE
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 673TABLE 21
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 679Recommen
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21.3 THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCO
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21.4 THE GATEWAY CONTROL PROTOCOL 6
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21.5 THE SIGNALING TRANSPORT (SIGTR
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21.6 THE BEARER INDEPENDENT CALL-CO
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21.7 ACRONYMS 717FSN Forward sequen
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21.8 REFERENCES 7196. Generic Funct
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22SIGNALING IN ATM NETWORKSATM, or
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.2 ATM LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACK
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 729Figure 22.2-3.
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 73122.3.2 AAL/SAA
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22.4 INTRODUCTION TO ATM SIGNALING
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22.5 SIGNALING AT THE UNI INTERFACE
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TABLE 22.5-2 Variable-Length Inform
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22.6 THE PNNI PROTOCOL 739Figure 22
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TABLE 22.6-1 Variable-Length Inform
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.9 ATM ADDRESSING 747administrati
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22.10 ACRONYMS 749IEIETFISUPITUITU-
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22.11 REFERENCES 75123. Private Net
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754 INDEXAddress signalsAsynchrouno
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756 INDEXApplication entity (AE)Int
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758 INDEXBearer services (continued
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760 INDEXCalled Address derivation,
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762 INDEXCellular authentication an
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764 INDEXClassless addressing, Inte
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766 INDEXComponent portion, Transac
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768 INDEXData link connections, Dig
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770 INDEXDigital Subscriber Signali
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772 INDEXError correction (continue
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774 INDEXFour-wire circuits (contin
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776 INDEXHome mobile switching cent
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778 INDEXIntelligent networks (INs)
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780 INDEXIS-95 code-division multip
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782 INDEXLine signals. See also Sup
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784 INDEXMessage acceptance, cellul
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786 INDEXMobile switching centers (
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788 INDEXOptical carrier (OC), sync
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790 INDEXPhysical channels, cdma200
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792 INDEXQ.931 ISDN protocol (conti
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794 INDEXResponse to acknowledgment
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796 INDEXService Indicator Octet (S
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798 INDEXSignaling network manageme
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800 INDEXSignaling System No. 7 (SS
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802 INDEXStored-program controlled
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804 INDEXTandem exchangeinterconnec
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806 INDEXTimeoutspublic office dial
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808 INDEXTrunk groups (TGs) (contin
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810 INDEXVoice over Internet Protoc
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Introduction to Communications Engi
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