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13.4 UTRAN AIR INTERFACE 43713.4.1 OverviewUTRAN Terminology. The UTRAN standards use slightly different terminologyfrom what is commonly used in CDMA literature:UTRANUplinkDownlinkUser equipment (UE)Radio network subsystem (RNS)Node BRadio network controller (RNC)ScramblingControl planeUser planeHandoverRadio frameUSIMCDMA LiteratureReverseForwardMobile station (MS)Base station (BS)Base transceiver station (BTS)Base station controller (BSC)Spreading (when bit rate is unchanged)Signaling message flowUser-data message flowHandoffFrameUIMThe following sections use the common CDMA terminology whenever doing sofacilitates understanding.UMTS Network Model. The UMTS network is divided into two parts(Fig. 13.4-1) [31,32]:1. Radio access network (RAN)2. Core network (CN)The radio access network includes satellite links but this chapter describes only theterrestrial portion of UTRAN. UTRAN covers the portion of the cellular networkfrom the mobile station (UE) to the base station controller (RNC). The referencepoint between the UE and the base station (RNS) is called Uu, and the onebetween the base transceiver station (Node B) and RNC is called Iub.Figure 13.4-1. UMTS network and interfaces.
438 AIR INTERFACE SIGNALING IN CDMA NETWORKSThe UMTS core network evolved from the GSM core network and it includesRNCs and connections to the PSTN, ISDN, and public data networks. The referencepoint between the RNS and the CN (RNC) is called Iu. The Iu interface is a packetinterface, and the UTRAN specifications allow two options: ATM or IP.The mobile station functionality is subdivided into two parts:1. Mobile equipment (ME)2. User services identity module (USIM)The ME is the basic portion that contains the radio access functions and the logicfor the operation of the UE.The USIM contains the data necessary for identification and security. The USIMis typically implemented as a removable unit.3GPP documents divide network entities and protocols into an Access Stratum(AS) and a NonAccess Stratum (NAS). The Access Stratum encompasses the functionalentities and protocol layers that manage the radio portion of a wirelessnetwork; the NonAccess Stratum covers entities and protocol layers that managethe rest of the network.UTRAN Air Interface. The UTRAN air interface has two operational modes:1. Frequency-division duplex (FDD)2. Time-division duplex (TDD)With FDD the uplink and downlink radio links use two separate, but paired, frequencybands. With TDD both links share the same frequency band, and radioframes are divided into time slots to create a path in each direction. TDD is intendedfor situations where there are frequency spectrum constraints; FDD is the standardoperational mode and is the one covered in this chapter.UTRAN base stations are not synchronized, which leads to differences in chippingcodes and channel acquisition techniques, compared to IS-95 and cdma2000.Power Control. Power control uses open loop for initial transmissions, then closedloop operation with inner and outer loop, in both the uplink and downlink direction.13.4.2 SignalingThe UTRAN air interface is structured along three layers and several sublayers (seeFig. 13.4-2).In the control plane (signaling) the three layers are:. Layer 1, or physical layer. Layer 2, subdivided into two sublayers: medium access control (MAC) andradio link control (RLC). Layer 3, or radio resource control (RRC)
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Signaling inTelecommunicationNetwor
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Copyright # 2007 by John Wiley & So
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CONTENTSPreface to the Second Editi
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CONTENTSix8.4 Basic Error Correctio
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CONTENTSxiChapter 16 Transaction Ca
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PREFACE TO THESECOND EDITIONThe fir
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1INTRODUCTION TOTELECOMMUNICATIONST
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1.1 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS 3Fig
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1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 9Local exchange
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1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 11The NANP (for
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1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 13Fi
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1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 15Fi
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 17In the IC
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 19Figure 1.
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1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 21Figure 1.
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 23land bas
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 25Figure 1
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1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 27Figure 1
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1.6 SPECIAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
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1.7 EXCHANGES 35Figure 1.7-2. Local
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1.7 EXCHANGES 37Figure 1.7-4. Excha
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1.8 ACCESS NETWORKS AND LINE CONCEN
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1.10 REFERENCES 41ISDNITUITU-TLATAL
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2INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALING2.1 OVERV
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2.1 OVERVIEW 45networks and in the
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2.1 OVERVIEW 47not involved in a ca
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2.2 STANDARDS FOR SIGNALING SYSTEMS
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2.3 ACRONYMS 51. Communications Sta
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2.4 REFERENCES 537. R. B. Robrock,
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56 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.1-1
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58 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.2-1
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60 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.2.5 Tones
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62 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGHook Status.
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64 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGthe low-grou
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66 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.4.3 Tones
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68 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCall Waiting
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70 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.6.1 Caller
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72 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCalled Party
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74 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGRRRSSSCSITSL
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76 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANGE
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100 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANG
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5INTRODUCTION TOCOMMON-CHANNEL SIGN
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 113Figure 5.
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 115Quasiasso
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 117Figure 5.
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5.2 SIGNALING LINKS AND SIGNAL UNIT
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5.3 ACRONYMS 125In the final step o
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130 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTim
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132 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSCom
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134 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTAB
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136 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSFig
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140 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSinf
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142 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSinf
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148 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSC-C
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152 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKScan
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154 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSIDT
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7INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALINGSYSTEM NO
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7.1 SS7 STRUCTURE 159Message Transf
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7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALING POI
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7.3 SS7 SIGNAL UNITS AND PRIMITIVES
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7.4 ACRONYMS 165Figure 7.3-3 shows
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8SS7 MESSAGE TRANSFER PARTThe Messa
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8.2 MTP LEVEL 1 1698.1.2 Message Tr
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 171In e
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 173The
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 175Figur
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 177Figur
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8.5 PREVENTIVE CYCLIC RETRANSMISSIO
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8.6 SIGNALING LINK MANAGEMENT 181In
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8.7 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 3 183Figu
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8.8 MTP3 SIGNALING MESSAGE HANDLING
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8.9 MTP3 SIGNALING NETWORK MANAGEME
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8.10 ACRONYMS 199H1 Message heading
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9TELEPHONE USER PARTThe Telephone U
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9.2 CALL-CONTROL MESSAGES AND SIGNA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 211TA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 213Wh
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 215On
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.6 VERSIONS OF TUP SIGNALING 2259.
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9.7 ACRONYMS 227ACM Address Complet
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9.8 REFERENCES 229SAOSECSHPSISIFSIM
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232 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING SY
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TABLE 10.3-3 Information Elements i
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11ISDN USER PARTThis chapter resume
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11.2 ISUP MESSAGES, FORMATS, AND PA
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TABLE 11.2-2 Parameters in ISUP Cal
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 305In the
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 307Figure
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11.6 OTHER SIGNALING PROCEDURES 309
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11.7 SIGNALING PROCEDURES FOR FAILE
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11.8 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE INTERNAT
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11.9 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE UNITED S
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11.10 ACRONYMS 323transferred trans
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11.11 REFERENCES 325SCCP Signaling
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12SIGNALING IN CELLULARMOBILE TELEC
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12.1 INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR MOBIL
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Figure 12.2-1. Transmission of mess
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.4 AMPS MESSAGE FORMATS AND PARAM
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 353s
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 355p
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12.6 SIGNALING IN IS-54 CELLULAR SY
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12.7 INTRODUCTION TO THE GSM CELLUL
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12.8 SIGNALING BETWEEN MOBILE AND N
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.10 ACRONYMS 385FVCGAWGSMIMEIIMSI
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488 SIGNALING CONNECTION CONTROL PA
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16TRANSACTION CAPABILITIESAPPLICATI
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 499Figure 16.1-1.
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 501TABLE 16.1-1 T
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 503TABLE 16.1-4Co
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 505ASN
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 507TAB
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 509Fig
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16.3 TRANSACTION AND INVOKE IDENTIT
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16.4 U.S. NATIONAL TCAP 513TABLE 16
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16.6 ACRONYMS 51516.6 ACRONYMSAC Ap
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17TRANSACTIONS ININTELLIGENT NETWOR
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17.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT NE
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 521so
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 523is
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 525th
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 527en
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17.3 AIN MESSAGES AND TRANSACTIONS
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 535Figure 1
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 537Bits DC.
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 539Par.19 P
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17.5 CODING OF DATA ELEMENTS 541Par
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 543TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 545TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 54717.
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 549Snapshot Monit
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 551We assume that
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 553info_analyzed
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17.9 REFERENCES 555GTA Global title
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18INTELLIGENT NETWORKAPPLICATION PA
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18.1 INTRODUCTION 559Figure 18.1-2
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18.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 561.
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18.3 CAPABILITY SETS 563CS-2. This
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 565TABLE 18.4-1
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 567SACF. MACF a
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 569TABLE 18.4-5
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18.5 ETSI INAP 571At the end of the
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18.7 REFERENCES 573SSPT_BCSNTCTCAPU
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18.7 REFERENCES 57544. Interface Re
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578 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.1 INT
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580 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMSCs (d)
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582 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTASEs in
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584 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTOn recei
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586 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTFigure 1
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588 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTunrecogn
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596 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.4.3 M
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600 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.5.3 E
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602 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.4 Au
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604 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.11 D
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606 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.22 S
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608 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.6.2 E
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614 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTby a “
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616 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTVLR now
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624 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMAP_COMP
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626 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTThe VLR
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628 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTISDNITUI
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20INTRODUCTION TO PACKETNETWORKS AN
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20.1 PACKET-BASED COMMUNICATION 633
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 643F
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 645T
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 647c
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 649s
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 651There
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 653Voice
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 655some V
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 657On the
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20.4 LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR VoIP
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20.5 ACRONYMS 66520.5 ACRONYMSAAA A
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20.6 REFERENCES 66720.6 REFERENCES1
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21SIGNALING FOR VoIP21.1 INTRODUCTI
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 67121.2 THE
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 673TABLE 21
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 679Recommen
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21.3 THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCO
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21.4 THE GATEWAY CONTROL PROTOCOL 6
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21.5 THE SIGNALING TRANSPORT (SIGTR
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21.6 THE BEARER INDEPENDENT CALL-CO
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21.7 ACRONYMS 717FSN Forward sequen
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21.8 REFERENCES 7196. Generic Funct
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22SIGNALING IN ATM NETWORKSATM, or
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.2 ATM LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACK
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 729Figure 22.2-3.
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 73122.3.2 AAL/SAA
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22.4 INTRODUCTION TO ATM SIGNALING
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22.5 SIGNALING AT THE UNI INTERFACE
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TABLE 22.5-2 Variable-Length Inform
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22.6 THE PNNI PROTOCOL 739Figure 22
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TABLE 22.6-1 Variable-Length Inform
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.9 ATM ADDRESSING 747administrati
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22.10 ACRONYMS 749IEIETFISUPITUITU-
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22.11 REFERENCES 75123. Private Net
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754 INDEXAddress signalsAsynchrouno
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756 INDEXApplication entity (AE)Int
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758 INDEXBearer services (continued
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760 INDEXCalled Address derivation,
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762 INDEXCellular authentication an
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764 INDEXClassless addressing, Inte
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766 INDEXComponent portion, Transac
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768 INDEXData link connections, Dig
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770 INDEXDigital Subscriber Signali
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772 INDEXError correction (continue
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774 INDEXFour-wire circuits (contin
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776 INDEXHome mobile switching cent
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778 INDEXIntelligent networks (INs)
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780 INDEXIS-95 code-division multip
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782 INDEXLine signals. See also Sup
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784 INDEXMessage acceptance, cellul
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786 INDEXMobile switching centers (
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788 INDEXOptical carrier (OC), sync
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790 INDEXPhysical channels, cdma200
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792 INDEXQ.931 ISDN protocol (conti
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794 INDEXResponse to acknowledgment
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796 INDEXService Indicator Octet (S
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798 INDEXSignaling network manageme
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800 INDEXSignaling System No. 7 (SS
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802 INDEXStored-program controlled
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804 INDEXTandem exchangeinterconnec
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806 INDEXTimeoutspublic office dial
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808 INDEXTrunk groups (TGs) (contin
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810 INDEXVoice over Internet Protoc
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Introduction to Communications Engi
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