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50 INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALINGBellcore became an independent company in 1984 and was renamed TelcordiaTechnologies in 1997. The company is a source of specifications for interfaces,capabilities, and performance in the form of Generic Requirement (GR) documents.TIA/EIA. Standards for cellular mobile systems in the United States are establishedby subcommittees of the TR.45 Committee. They are published jointly by theTelecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Electronic Industries Alliance(EIA), as TIA/EIA standards.2.2.2 ITU-THistorically, the telecoms that operated individual national networks establishedstandards independently of each other. With the advent of international telecommunications,the need for international standards arose and led to the establishment ofinternational standards organizations.The CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee)was established in 1956 as a part of the International Telecommunication Union(ITU), headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland [13]. As a result of a major reorganizationof ITU, in 1993 the CCITT became the ITU-T, the TelecommunicationStandardization Sector of ITU.ITU-T Study Groups review draft standards and, when approved, standardsbecome recommendations. Signaling standards are the responsibility of StudyGroup 11.CCITT standards used to be published as a set of books identified by a color, thelast set of which, the Blue Book, was published in 1989. ITU-T standards are nowpublished individually on paper or in computer file form.While ITU-T recommendations are intended primarily for the internationalnetwork, many national telecoms have adopted them—sometimes with countryspecificmodifications—for use in their respective networks.2.2.3 ETSIEuropean telecoms established the Conference of European Postal and TelecommunicationsAdministrations (CEPT) in 1959 [14,15]. The standardization activitieswere transferred in 1998 to a new organization, the European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute (ETSI). The work is carried out by a number of technical committees,one of which deals with signaling protocols and switching (SDS). ETSIstandards are published as European Telecommunications Standards (ETS).2.2.4 Other National OrganizationsOther organizations that handle telecommunication requirements at a nationallevel are:. Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC), in Japan. Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB), in Japan