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1.8 ACCESS NETWORKS AND LINE CONCENTRATORS 39Figure 1.8-1. Digital line concentrators.to the fact that one physical link (the T1 or E1 line) is carrying the traffic of 24 or 30concurrent connections. With statistical assignment, fewer TSs are available thanthe number of line interfaces (M , N) and further savings in facilities are achievedthrough concentration. The drawback is that blocking is possible in the case ofunusually high traffic. Multiple E1/T1 lines may be used on one RLC/DLC interfacefor reliability or if the traffic warrants it.At the local exchange, the E1/Tl lines can be connected directly to a digital trunkinterface, or to a demultiplexer that recreates the subscriber line interfaces as theywould appear if the loops had gone all the way from the subscriber premises tothe LE. The demultiplexer is known in North America as a central office terminal(COT—Fig. 1.8-1(b)).Signaling is required between the concentrator and the LE or COT to handle DLCfunctions. In the past, each equipment supplier provided its own proprietary signalingprotocols, and the COT was the only way to ensure that a DLC would interworkwith any type of local exchange, regardless of the supplier. The situation started tochange in the 1980s with standardization efforts to “open” the interface betweenDLC and LE and to eliminate the need for the COT. The new types of DLCs areknown as access systems, a term that is associated with a standard digital trunk interfaceand a standard signaling protocol (Fig. 1.8-2). Signaling for access systems isdescribed in Chapter 6.Access systems have led to a local exchange configuration where the LE retains thecall control function for lines but has no physical line interfaces. All physical interfacesare standard TDM digital trunks and the physical interface to local loops is handled by
40 INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONSFigure 1.8-2. Access systems.access systems. Functionally, access systems can be viewed as open-interface lineunits, which can be deployed remotely or collocated with the LE (when looplengths are very short), and which can be procured independently of the LE.1.9 ACRONYMSA/DACADPCMALGANCCCECICCOTD/ADLCDMPDPSKDS1ECESETSIFDMFSKHICIXCINISCAnalog-to-digitalArea code, adaptive circuitAdaptive differential pulse code modulationAccess line groupAccess networkCountry code, control channelControl equipmentCarrier identification codeCentral office terminalDigital-to-analogDigital line concentrator, digital loop carrierDigital multiplexer portDifferential phase-shift keyingNorth American first-order pulse code modulation multiplexExchange code, echo cancelerEcho suppressorEuropean Telecommunications Standards InstituteFrequency-division multiplexingFrequency-shift keyingHybrid circuitInterexchange carrier, identification codeInterexchange carrierInternational numberInternational switching center
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Signaling inTelecommunicationNetwor
Page 7 and 8: Copyright # 2007 by John Wiley & So
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTSPreface to the Second Editi
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTSix8.4 Basic Error Correctio
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTSxiChapter 16 Transaction Ca
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE TO THESECOND EDITIONThe fir
Page 18 and 19: 1INTRODUCTION TOTELECOMMUNICATIONST
Page 20 and 21: 1.1 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS 3Fig
Page 26 and 27: 1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 9Local exchange
Page 28 and 29: 1.2 NUMBERING PLANS 11The NANP (for
Page 30 and 31: 1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 13Fi
Page 32 and 33: 1.3 DIGIT ANALYSIS AND ROUTING 15Fi
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 17In the IC
Page 36 and 37: 1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 19Figure 1.
Page 38 and 39: 1.4 ANALOG TRANSMISSION 21Figure 1.
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 23land bas
Page 42 and 43: 1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 25Figure 1
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 27Figure 1
Page 46 and 47: 1.6 SPECIAL TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
Page 52 and 53: 1.7 EXCHANGES 35Figure 1.7-2. Local
Page 54 and 55: 1.7 EXCHANGES 37Figure 1.7-4. Excha
Page 58 and 59: 1.10 REFERENCES 41ISDNITUITU-TLATAL
Page 60 and 61: 2INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALING2.1 OVERV
Page 62 and 63: 2.1 OVERVIEW 45networks and in the
Page 64 and 65: 2.1 OVERVIEW 47not involved in a ca
Page 66 and 67: 2.2 STANDARDS FOR SIGNALING SYSTEMS
Page 68 and 69: 2.3 ACRONYMS 51. Communications Sta
Page 70: 2.4 REFERENCES 537. R. B. Robrock,
Page 73 and 74: 56 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.1-1
Page 75 and 76: 58 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGFigure 3.2-1
Page 77 and 78: 60 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.2.5 Tones
Page 79 and 80: 62 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGHook Status.
Page 81 and 82: 64 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGthe low-grou
Page 83 and 84: 66 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.4.3 Tones
Page 85 and 86: 68 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCall Waiting
Page 87 and 88: 70 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING3.6.1 Caller
Page 89 and 90: 72 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGCalled Party
Page 91 and 92: 74 SUBSCRIBER SIGNALINGRRRSSSCSITSL
Page 93 and 94: 76 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANGE
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90 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANGE
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100 CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED INTEREXCHANG
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5INTRODUCTION TOCOMMON-CHANNEL SIGN
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 113Figure 5.
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 115Quasiasso
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5.1 SIGNALING NETWORKS 117Figure 5.
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5.2 SIGNALING LINKS AND SIGNAL UNIT
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5.3 ACRONYMS 125In the final step o
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130 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTim
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132 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSCom
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134 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSTAB
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136 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSFig
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140 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSinf
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142 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSinf
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148 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSC-C
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152 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKScan
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154 SIGNALING IN ACCESS NETWORKSIDT
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7INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALINGSYSTEM NO
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7.1 SS7 STRUCTURE 159Message Transf
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7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALING POI
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7.3 SS7 SIGNAL UNITS AND PRIMITIVES
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7.4 ACRONYMS 165Figure 7.3-3 shows
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8SS7 MESSAGE TRANSFER PARTThe Messa
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8.2 MTP LEVEL 1 1698.1.2 Message Tr
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 171In e
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8.3 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 2 173The
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 175Figur
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8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 177Figur
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8.5 PREVENTIVE CYCLIC RETRANSMISSIO
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8.6 SIGNALING LINK MANAGEMENT 181In
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8.7 OVERVIEW OF MTP LEVEL 3 183Figu
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8.8 MTP3 SIGNALING MESSAGE HANDLING
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8.9 MTP3 SIGNALING NETWORK MANAGEME
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8.10 ACRONYMS 199H1 Message heading
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9TELEPHONE USER PARTThe Telephone U
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9.2 CALL-CONTROL MESSAGES AND SIGNA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 211TA
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 213Wh
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9.3 BASIC SIGNALING SEQUENCES 215On
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.4 TUP SUPPORT OF ADDITIONAL SERVI
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.5 OTHER TUP PROCEDURES, MESSAGES,
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9.6 VERSIONS OF TUP SIGNALING 2259.
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9.7 ACRONYMS 227ACM Address Complet
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9.8 REFERENCES 229SAOSECSHPSISIFSIM
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232 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING SY
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TABLE 10.3-3 Information Elements i
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11ISDN USER PARTThis chapter resume
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11.2 ISUP MESSAGES, FORMATS, AND PA
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TABLE 11.2-2 Parameters in ISUP Cal
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.3 SIGNALING FOR CALLS BETWEEN IS
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.4 CALLS INVOLVING ANALOG SUBSCRI
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 305In the
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11.5 END-TO-END SIGNALING 307Figure
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11.6 OTHER SIGNALING PROCEDURES 309
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11.7 SIGNALING PROCEDURES FOR FAILE
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11.8 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE INTERNAT
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11.9 ISUP SIGNALING IN THE UNITED S
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11.10 ACRONYMS 323transferred trans
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11.11 REFERENCES 325SCCP Signaling
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12SIGNALING IN CELLULARMOBILE TELEC
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12.1 INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR MOBIL
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Figure 12.2-1. Transmission of mess
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.3 INTRODUCTION TO AMPS SIGNALING
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12.4 AMPS MESSAGE FORMATS AND PARAM
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 353s
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12.5 AMPS SIGNALING PROCEDURES 355p
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12.6 SIGNALING IN IS-54 CELLULAR SY
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12.7 INTRODUCTION TO THE GSM CELLUL
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12.8 SIGNALING BETWEEN MOBILE AND N
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.9 LAYER 3 MESSAGES ON THE Um INT
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12.10 ACRONYMS 385FVCGAWGSMIMEIIMSI
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12.11 REFERENCES 3875. Public Land
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390 AIR INTERFACE SIGNALING IN CDMA
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TABLE 13.3-1 Forward CDMA Physical
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14INTRODUCTION TOTRANSACTIONSThe TU
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14.2 SS7 ARCHITECTURE FOR TRANSACTI
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CCIS Common-channel interoffice sig
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466 SIGNALING CONNECTION CONTROL PA
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TABLE 15.2-2 Parameters in SCCP Mes
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16TRANSACTION CAPABILITIESAPPLICATI
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 499Figure 16.1-1.
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 501TABLE 16.1-1 T
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16.1 INTRODUCTION 503TABLE 16.1-4Co
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 505ASN
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 507TAB
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16.2 TCAP FORMATS AND CODING 509Fig
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16.3 TRANSACTION AND INVOKE IDENTIT
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16.4 U.S. NATIONAL TCAP 513TABLE 16
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16.6 ACRONYMS 51516.6 ACRONYMSAC Ap
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17TRANSACTIONS ININTELLIGENT NETWOR
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17.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT NE
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 521so
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 523is
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 525th
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17.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 527en
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17.3 AIN MESSAGES AND TRANSACTIONS
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 535Figure 1
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 537Bits DC.
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17.4 AIN 0.1 PARAMETERS 539Par.19 P
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17.5 CODING OF DATA ELEMENTS 541Par
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 543TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 545TAB
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17.6 MESSAGES AND PARAMETERS 54717.
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 549Snapshot Monit
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 551We assume that
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17.7 AIN SERVICES 553info_analyzed
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17.9 REFERENCES 555GTA Global title
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18INTELLIGENT NETWORKAPPLICATION PA
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18.1 INTRODUCTION 559Figure 18.1-2
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18.2 CALL MODELS AND TRIGGERS 561.
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18.3 CAPABILITY SETS 563CS-2. This
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 565TABLE 18.4-1
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 567SACF. MACF a
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18.4 INAP SIGNALING 569TABLE 18.4-5
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18.5 ETSI INAP 571At the end of the
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18.7 REFERENCES 573SSPT_BCSNTCTCAPU
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18.7 REFERENCES 57544. Interface Re
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578 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.1 INT
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580 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMSCs (d)
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582 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTASEs in
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584 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTOn recei
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586 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTFigure 1
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588 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTunrecogn
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596 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.4.3 M
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600 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.5.3 E
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602 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.4 Au
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604 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.11 D
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606 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTPar.22 S
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608 MOBILE APPLICATION PART19.6.2 E
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614 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTby a “
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616 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTVLR now
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624 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTMAP_COMP
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626 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTThe VLR
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628 MOBILE APPLICATION PARTISDNITUI
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20INTRODUCTION TO PACKETNETWORKS AN
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20.1 PACKET-BASED COMMUNICATION 633
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 643F
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 645T
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 647c
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20.2 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 649s
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 651There
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 653Voice
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 655some V
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20.3 INTRODUCTION TO VoIP 657On the
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20.4 LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR VoIP
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20.5 ACRONYMS 66520.5 ACRONYMSAAA A
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20.6 REFERENCES 66720.6 REFERENCES1
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21SIGNALING FOR VoIP21.1 INTRODUCTI
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 67121.2 THE
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 673TABLE 21
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21.2 THE H.323 PROTOCOL 679Recommen
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21.3 THE SESSION INITIATION PROTOCO
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21.4 THE GATEWAY CONTROL PROTOCOL 6
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21.5 THE SIGNALING TRANSPORT (SIGTR
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21.6 THE BEARER INDEPENDENT CALL-CO
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21.7 ACRONYMS 717FSN Forward sequen
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21.8 REFERENCES 7196. Generic Funct
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22SIGNALING IN ATM NETWORKSATM, or
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.1 INTRODUCTION TO ATM NETWORKS A
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22.2 ATM LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACK
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 729Figure 22.2-3.
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22.3 LOWER LAYERS 73122.3.2 AAL/SAA
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22.4 INTRODUCTION TO ATM SIGNALING
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22.5 SIGNALING AT THE UNI INTERFACE
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TABLE 22.5-2 Variable-Length Inform
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22.6 THE PNNI PROTOCOL 739Figure 22
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TABLE 22.6-1 Variable-Length Inform
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.7 THE B-ISUP SIGNALING PROTOCOL
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22.9 ATM ADDRESSING 747administrati
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22.10 ACRONYMS 749IEIETFISUPITUITU-
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22.11 REFERENCES 75123. Private Net
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754 INDEXAddress signalsAsynchrouno
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756 INDEXApplication entity (AE)Int
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758 INDEXBearer services (continued
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760 INDEXCalled Address derivation,
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762 INDEXCellular authentication an
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764 INDEXClassless addressing, Inte
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766 INDEXComponent portion, Transac
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768 INDEXData link connections, Dig
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770 INDEXDigital Subscriber Signali
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772 INDEXError correction (continue
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774 INDEXFour-wire circuits (contin
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776 INDEXHome mobile switching cent
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778 INDEXIntelligent networks (INs)
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780 INDEXIS-95 code-division multip
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782 INDEXLine signals. See also Sup
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784 INDEXMessage acceptance, cellul
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786 INDEXMobile switching centers (
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788 INDEXOptical carrier (OC), sync
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790 INDEXPhysical channels, cdma200
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792 INDEXQ.931 ISDN protocol (conti
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794 INDEXResponse to acknowledgment
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796 INDEXService Indicator Octet (S
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798 INDEXSignaling network manageme
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800 INDEXSignaling System No. 7 (SS
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802 INDEXStored-program controlled
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804 INDEXTandem exchangeinterconnec
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806 INDEXTimeoutspublic office dial
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808 INDEXTrunk groups (TGs) (contin
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810 INDEXVoice over Internet Protoc
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Introduction to Communications Engi
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