Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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Honuÿapo Park Final Resources Management Plan flooding on the subject property. An irrigation system developed and formerly maintained by the sugar plantations of Kaÿü has affected the surface hydrology of the area and, according to verbal accounts, decreased the number of flooding events at Honuÿapo. With the shutting down of the sugar industry in Kaÿü and the subdivision of plantation lands into smaller parcels, the irrigation system is no longer maintained. 2.3.3 Natural Hazards Volcanic hazard in the vicinity of Honuÿapo is assessed by the USGS as “6” in the southern and central portion of the park, and “3” in the northernmost zone of the park, on a scale of ascending risk from “9” to “1”. This moderate to high hazard designation is based on the fact that Mauna Loa is an active volcano, having last erupted in 1984. In terms of seismic risk, the entire Island of Hawai‘i is rated Zone 4 Seismic Hazard, which means it is at risk from major earthquake damage, especially to structures that are poorly designed or built. The most significant earthquake occurring in Kaÿü in recorded history was in March and April 1868. Written accounts of Kaÿü residents attest to the tremendous damage caused by the earthquakes and ensuing tsunami. A written account by C. J. Waialoha (Ka Nupepa Kuÿokoÿa, April 11, 1868), a Hawaiian resident of Kaÿü describes the disaster (Handy et al. 1991:566): … The earthquakes were terrible from the 27 th [of March] to the 30 th . The earth shook constantly. We had never before known anything like this. The stones on our beaches and the cliffs are scattered and broken… The famous cliffs of Pohina [at Honuÿapo] were broken in places and some of the natives there feared a similar fate… At three o’clock on Thursday, April 2, came a great quake which made it impossible for man and animals to stand upright. The earth below rose to the sky like a cloud, from the land slides; big trees toppled over; gulches were filled and houses collapsed… fifteen minutes after the earthquake, a tidal wave arose, which killed a number of people. Those who died numbered 46 and those who barely escaped are not numbered… When the sea ebbed, all kinds of fish were left ashore, except the whale and the shark. The houses at Kaÿaluÿalu, Paiahaÿa, Honuÿapo, Hokukano, Kaÿalaiki, the two Hilea, Ninole, Wailau, Punaluÿu, and as far as Keauhou, were all swept away by the sea. The 1868 earthquake that caused the destructive tsunami was estimated to have had a magnitude of 7.9. Another tsunami in 1946, generated by an earthquake in Page 11
Honuÿapo Park Final Resources Management Plan the Aleutian Islands, destroyed the Honuÿapo wharf that was built in 1883. Two additional major tsunami events affected Honuÿapo and caused extensive damage to structures near the shoreline in 1960 (generated by an earthquake in Chile) and 1975 (generated by a local earthquake). Locally generated tsunami are unpredictable and generally only allow for a few minutes of warning time; evacuation in these conditions is extremely difficult. Locally generated earthquakes have also caused land subsidence in the Kaÿü and Puna districts. During the 1975 earthquake, fault displacements resulted in widespread subsidence, as much as 10 feet near Halape in Puna District, and as much as 2 to 3 feet to the south and southwest of the zone of maximum subsidence (Stover & Coffman, 1993). Ocean conditions in the South Kaÿü area are generally rough, with strong currents and intense wave energy. Coral reefs are absent along this rugged and exposed coast, thus creating hazardous sea conditions. 2.3.4 Botany Geometrician Associates conducted a limited botanical investigation at Honuÿapo Park to provide information on vegetation zones and plant species present at the park (Appendix A). There are several distinct vegetation zones within the property. The coastal strand vegetation is dominated by native plants specifically adapted to an environment of sea spray and little soil; this vegetation includes naupaka (Scaevola taccada), ‘ilima (Sida fallax), paÿu o Hi‘iaka (Jacquemontia ovalifolia), pohuehue (Ipomoea pescaprae brasiliensis), ÿakulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum), nehe (Melanthera integrifolia), and seaside heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum). Native coastal strand vegetation – ÿakulikuli and ÿilima Ma uka of the coastal strand zone and extending up to the highway is the highly modified coastal dry shrubland community. Centuries of human disturbance have resulted in a lowland plant community mostly devoid of native species and dominated by haole koa (Leucaena leucocephala), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and kiawe (Prosopis pallida), with other dry shrubland species such as Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), java plum (Syzigium cumini), and sourbush (Pluchea odorata). The wetland area of Honuÿapo estuary is also dominated by invasive species including kiawe (Prosopis pallida) and California grass Page 12
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September 28, 2009 geometrician A S
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Plant Species Recorded at Honuÿapo
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APPENDIX B Cultural Resources of th
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It is not only by far the worst par
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…After traveling some time over a
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were “subject to the rights of th
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jealous husband, who resided a shor
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legendary literature reviewed for t
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In 1976, two graduate students (Her
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LCAw. 9225-B, 10190, and 7733 are a
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There were three land grants (821,
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Trails and Roads Extending north/so
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Ellis, W. 2004 [1825] A Journal of
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Schmitt, R. 1973 The Missionary Cen
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Coastal and Estuarine Land Conserva
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APPENDIX D Honuÿapo Park Implement
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Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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