Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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…After traveling some time over a wide tract of lava, in some places almost as rugged as any we had yet seen, we reached Hokukano. Here we found an excellent spring of fresh water, the first we had yet seen on our tour, though we had traveled upwards of a hundred miles. While we were stopping to drink, and rest ourselves, many natives gathered around us from the neighborhood. We requested them to accompany us to a cluster of houses a little further on, which they very cheerfully did… …We travelled over another rugged tract of lava about two hundred rods wide. It had been most violently torn to pieces, and thrown up in the wildest confusion; in some places it was heaped forty or fifty feet high. The road across it was formed of large smooth round stones, placed in a line two or three feet apart… …About half-past eleven we reached Hilea, a pleasant village belonging to the governor. As we approached it, we observed a number of artificial fish-ponds, formed by excavating the earth to the depth of two or three feet, and banking up the sides. The sea is let into them occasionally, and they are generally well stocked with excellent fish of the mullet kind. We went into the house of the head man, and asked him to collect the people together, as we wished to speak to them about the true God. He sent out, and most of the people of the village, then at home, about two hundred in number, soon collected in his house… …The head man then asked us to stop till he could prepare some refreshment; saying he had hogs, fish, taro, potatoes, and banana in abundance… …As we left Hilea our guide pointed out a small hill, called Makanau, where Keoua, the last rival of Tamehameha, surrendered himself up to the warriors under Taiana… …We had not travelled far before we reached Ninole, a small village on the seashore, celebrated on account of a short pebbly beach called Korea [Kōloa], the stones of which were reported to possess very singular properties, amongst others, that of propagating their species. The natives told us it was a wahi pana (place famous) for supplying the stones employed in making small adzes and hatchets, before they were acquainted with the use of iron; but particularly for furnishing the stones of which the gods were made, who presided over most of the games of Hawaii… …Korea [Koloa] was also a place of importance in times of war, as the best stones used in their slings were procured here…This place is also celebrated as furnishing the small black and white stones used by the natives in playing konane, a native game, resembling drafts, and apparently more intricate. …After traveling about two miles, we came to Punaruu, where the people of that and the next village, Wailau, collected together in a large house…(Ellis 2004:191, 192, 194-197, 200, 201). The coastal trail (ala loa) that Ellis walked would later be modified to accommodate horse and cart as foreign population into the area increased. The trail maintained its original alignment at least through Nīnole and Punalu‘u (Rosendahl 1991). The trail appears to have remained intact through to the Māhele of 1848, although at this time there was pressure to create a “Government Road” (alanui aupuni). The 1868 earthquake and tsunami devastated the Ka‘ū coastline and washed out much of the ala loa. Following this, the trail was straightened, realigned and widened, and took a course running mauka of the Nīnole pond 4
(Rosendahl 1991). This “trail” is now considered the Government Road and was made such after the 1868 earthquake and tsunami. Although the road was originally the most direct means by which to reach villages and commerce, people have since moved away from the coast. The road is now used by all terrain vehicles (ATVs), four-wheel drive vehicles, and foot traffic. The former ala loa provided area residents access to neighboring villages and resources. The missionary census reports that were compiled after Ellis visited the area are indicators of the amount of foot traffic that may have once traveled the trail prior to horse and cart. The missionaries first initiated population census reports for the Hawaiian Islands in 1831-1832 and 1835-1836, before which there were only rough estimates. The missionary census data from 1835-1836 lists 423 people in Honu‘apo/Hi‘ona‘ā, 124 in Hōkūkano, 238 in Ka‘alāiki/Hīlea Nui, and 330 total in Hīlea Iki, Nīnole, and Wailau. (Schmitt 1973:30). Kelly (1969) estimated that the Ka‘ū District had a population of between 10,000 and 13,500 at the time European contact, but that it declined to less than 2,000 people by 1872. There was not a single reason for the decrease in population, but rather it occurred through an accumulation of changes that took place after European contact. One often cited reason is that foreigners brought foreign diseases with them, to which the Native Hawaiians had no resistance. In addition to this, many people migrated to other islands, such as when Governor Kuakini moved from Hawai‘i Island to O‘ahu, and many of his people followed him. Also, men who began working on foreign whaling ships emigrated to foreign countries and rarely ever returned to Hawai‘i (Schmitt 1973:16). Native land tenure practices also underwent drastic changes during the early Historic Period. In Precontact Hawai‘i the districts, such as Ka‘ū, were divided into ahupua‘a. In these land units the native tenants tended fields and cultivated crops necessary to sustain their families, and the chiefly communities with which they were associated. As long as sufficient tribute was offered and kapu (restrictions) were observed, the common people, who lived in a given ahupua‘a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. These access rights were almost uniformly tied to residency on a particular land, and earned as a result of taking responsibility for stewardship of the natural environment, and supplying the needs of the ali‘i (see Kamakau 1961:372-377 and Malo 1951:63-67). Entire ahupua‘a, or portions of the land were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or lesser chief-landlords, who answered to an ali‘i-‘ai-ahupua‘a (chief who controlled the ahupua‘a resources). The ali‘i-‘ai-ahupua‘a in turn answered to an ali‘i ‘ai moku (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus, ahupua‘a resources supported not only the maka‘āinana and ‘ohana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management planning. In this system, the land provided fruits and vegetables and some meat for the diet, and the ocean provided a wealth of protein resources. Also, in communities with long-term royal residents, divisions of labor (with specialists in various occupations on land and in procurement of marine resources) came to be strictly adhered to. Handy et al. (1972:554) provides a cartographic sketch indicating the various zones of sea and land in the District of Ka‘ū and their uses by Hawaiians. The construct is based on the Hawaiian terms for the major vegetation zones that are used to define and segregate space within the regions ahupua‘a. The zones are bands roughly parallel to the coast that mark changes in elevation and rainfall. The current project area falls within what has been termed the kula kai zone. The kula kai was the lowest habitable zone. Residents of the kula kai depended largely on marine resources, but also grew sweet potato and gourds. Other vegetables were acquired through trade with mauka relatives (Handy et al. 1972). The socioeconomic and demographic changes that took place in the period between 1790 and the 1840s altered the traditional Hawaiian land tenure system and promoted the establishment of a Euroamerican style of land ownership. In 1848, the Māhele was the vehicle for determining ownership of the native land. The Māhele defined the land interests of Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs, and the konohiki. As a result of the Māhele, all land in the Kingdom of Hawai‘i came to be placed in one of three categories: (a) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne); (b) Government Lands; and (c) Konohiki Lands. Laws in the period of the Māhele record that ownership rights to all lands in the kingdom 5
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Honuÿapo Park Final Resources Mana
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2 HONUÿAPO PARK PROFILE Honuÿapo
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2.2 Regional Setting Honuÿapo Park
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2.3 Environmental Setting Honuÿapo
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APPENDIX D Honuÿapo Park Implement
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Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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