Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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Trails and Roads Extending north/south across the entire study area there was a primary coastal trail (ala loa) dating from Precontact times. The existence of this trail is referenced in legendary accounts of the region (Rosendahl 1991) and its physical appearance, constructed with water-worn stepping-stones, was documented as early as 1823 by the Reverend William Ellis (Ellis 1963). This trail functioned to connect the coastal settlements and provide access to coastal resources as part of an integrated trail network that also included mauka/makai trails. Typically every ahupua‘a had at least one mauka/makai trail that connected inland habitation and resources areas to the coastal habitation and resources areas. Evidence for the existence of these mauka/makai trails is visible today in the form of cleared and/or stepping-stone alignments in ‘a‘ā flows and worn pathways across pāhoehoe flows. Several such trails were observed during a recent field inspection of the study area. Beginning in the middle nineteenth century, the Hawaiian Government began a program of road improvements and the establishment of a Government Road system. The logical place to start was with the existing primary transportation routes; thus, the ala loa was adapted for use by horse and cart modes of transportation. In some places the new Government Road (Alanui Aupuni) was built over the ala loa, and in others it was constructed in a linear fashion mauka of the ala loa. Typically this road is 4 to 6 feet wide with kerbstones bordering the travel surface. The present alignment of the coastal Government Road across the study area took shape following the 1868 earthquake and tsunami. Traditional Cultural Properties and Practices The Office of Environmental Quality Control guidelines identify several possible types of cultural practices and beliefs that are subject to assessment and thus should be considered in project planning. These include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access-related, recreational, and religious and spiritual customs. The guidelines also identify the types of potential cultural resources, associated with cultural practices and beliefs that are subject to assessment. Essentially these are nature features of the landscape and historic sites, including traditional cultural properties. “Traditional cultural property” means any historic property associated with the traditional practices and beliefs of an ethnic community or members of that community for more than fifty years. These traditions shall be founded in an ethnic community’s history and contribute to maintaining the ethnic community’s cultural identity. Traditional associations are those demonstrating a continuity of practice or belief until present or those documented in historical source materials, or both. The origin of the concept of traditional cultural property is found in National Register Bulletin 38 published by the U.S. Department of Interior-National <strong>Park</strong> Service. “Traditional” as it is used, implies a time depth of at least 50 years, and a generalized mode of transmission of information from one generation to the next, either orally or by act. “Cultural” refers to the beliefs, practices, lifeways, and social institutions of a given community. The use of the term “Property” defines this category of resource as an identifiable place. Traditional cultural properties are not intangible, they must have some kind of boundary; and are subject to the same kind of evaluation as any other historic resource, with one very important exception. By definition, the significance of traditional cultural properties should be determined by the community that values them. There are no sites within the current study area have been officially recognized as traditional cultural properties, however, there are several sites that potentially could be considered traditional cultural properties. Some of these are archaeological sites (such as heiau, shrines, and burial sites) that have been both recorded and have yet to be recorded, and others are significant landscape or geomorphic features (such as the red rock in the Kāwā pond identified as a ku‘ula [fishing shrine], or for that matter the pond itself), again that have been both recorded and have yet to be recorded. Such sites would be documented during archaeological study and oral-historical interviews. It would also be during interviews that specific cultural practices would be identified. However, it is safe to say that in a general sense access to and use of the entire shoreline within the study area for recreational, subsistence, and spiritual purposes can be considered an ancient as well as ongoing practice. Additionally, many within the Hawaiian community along with the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, recognize caretakership of the land (malama ‘āina) as an ongoing cultural practice with traditional roots. 18
REFERENCES CITED Ayres, W. 1970 Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Survey of Coastal Areas of Honu‘apo, Hiona‘a and Hokukano Ahupua‘a, Kau, Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum, Department of Anthropology. Prepared for C. Brewer Corporation and the Kau Historical Society. Barrera, W., Jr., and R. Hommon 1972 Salvage Archaeology at Wailau-Niole, Ka‘i, Island of Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 72-1. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Beaglehole, J. 1967 The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery. London: The Hakluyt Society. (edited from the original manuscripts by J.C. Beaglehoe) Brigham, W. 1909 The Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Vol. 2, No. 4. Honolulu: B.P. Bishop Museum. Ching, F. 1967 Report on Sites (Archaeological-Historical) Visited on Hawaii October 16-18, 1967: Ka Lae, Kaalaiki, Hilea Nui, Hilea Iki, Ninole, and Punaluu in Ka‘u and Honokohau and Napoopoo in Kona. Coan, T. 1868 Letter to J. D. Dana, pp.106-109. In J.D. Dana, Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Article XIII, pp. 105-123. American Journal of Science, Vol. 46, series 2, New Haven, Ct. Cordy, R. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief. The Ancient History of Hawai‘i Island. Mutual Publishing: Honolulu, Hawai‘i. Crozier, S. 1972 Archaeological Survey and Excavations at Punalu‘u, Island of Hawaii. Typescript report in Department of Anthropology, B.P Bishop Museum. Crozier, S., and D. Barrère 1974 Archaeological Survey and Excavations at Punalu‘u, Island of Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Prepared for Ka‘u Historical Society. 19
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2 HONUÿAPO PARK PROFILE Honuÿapo
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2.2 Regional Setting Honuÿapo Park
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2.3 Environmental Setting Honuÿapo
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2.6 Historic Sites Honuÿapo Park F
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Honu'apo Park Resource Management Plan

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