Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

other parts of Shashemene, 4 the four research sefer, or neighbourhoods, hosted fewseasonal and permanent migrants from Amhara and Tigray.Although the official Kebele 08/09 boundaries are not ethnically segregated, it isinteresting to observe that the migration of people from these ethnic groups reflectsprevious migration histories and the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the fourneighbourhoods. Individuals from the same ethnic groups tend to settle in theneighbourhood where most people from their areas of origin have already settled. Interms of the four neighbourhoods studied, the majority of the migrants to Bishate Seferare from the Wolayita and Hadiya ethnic groups, while most of the migrants in KuyisaSefer are Kembata, Wolayita and some Oromo. Similarly, the majority of the migrants inBole Sefer tend to be from the Gurage ethnic group, while migrants from Wolayita andGurage predominate in Serategna Sefer.When asked why they migrate to Shashemene, the most common reasons mentioned byseasonal, male and adult migrants are shortage of land, landlessness, rural destitution,land tax and debts from agricultural inputs. Since 1991, during the post-socialist era ofthe EPRDF regime, subsidies for agricultural inputs such as fertiliser were graduallyreduced and, hence, some peasants had begun to move in search of employment to obtaincash incomes and pay back their debts. The incidence of conflicts notably ethnic clashessuch as around Faji in Kembata during the change of government in 1991 is reported tohave pushed other migrants to Shashemene.Most migrants mentioned that they decided to move to Shashemene due to its proximityand the perception of relatively better employment opportunities. They mentioned thatthey were attracted by the information they obtained from their informal sources aboutemployment opportunities in construction work, loading and unloading, and otherinformal sector employment. In particular, seasonal rural migrants often come to BoleSefer, a relatively rich neighbourhood within the town, during agricultural harvestingperiods to work for grain traders as porters and store attendants. However, the seasonalrural-urban migration is not only limited to poor rural community members. Some betterofffarmers also moved as short-term migrants from Bale in Oromia to engage in graintrading.The long-term migrants who came to the Shashemene research site began to settle in thesefer since the early 1970s during the Haile Selassie Regime and included mostly peoplefrom Wolayita, Kembata, Hadiya and Gofa in the SNNPR. The longer-term migrantsoften moved to the town because of extreme shortage of rural land in their areas of originwhere densities can reach as high as 500 people per square kilometre and wherepopulation increase is rapid, as well as due to relatively better life-styles in this businesstown, and the perceived success of former migrants.Many of the female, adult and permanent migrants moved from the adjacent ruraldistricts of Kembata, Hadiya, Wolayita, Sidama, Gamo and eastern Oromia due to factors4 The predominant ethnic groups in Shashemene are Amhara, Oromo, Gurage, Wolayita, Kembata andTigrayan.22