Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

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mainly by stories of successful former migrants and promises of help or employment byrelatives who had already migration. From poorer households they tend to go on aseasonal basis looking for work, which in rural areas includes agricultural labour andworking as domestic labourers, and in urban areas working as guards, constructionlabourers and lottery ticket vendors. All informants agree that out migration has becomemore common and some suggest that migrants tend to be less successful these days.Women migrate out of Yetmen to close areas upon marriage. Owing to the virilocalpattern of post-marital residence, women tend to migrate to join husbands into as well asout of Yetmen as result of marriages. However, owing to land shortage a few poor menmay move to areas where they can marry women with land, a type of arrangement calledtekerchem. Some women prefer to marry men in the towns as they view urban life asbetter. A few women go to nearby towns such as Dejen and Bichena to look for workmainly as servants and working in bars. One reason for young women going to townsfurther away such as the regional capital Debre Markos or even Addis Ababa is that theydo not want to be seen working in bars where people might recognise them.The data from the RANS provides the following evidence about members away from thehousehold outside the community.Table 10: Household members away from the village in May 2004Male Female TotalFrequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency PercentageUrban area of this wereda 1 8 2 15 3 23Rural area of region 1 8 2 15 3 23Rural area of this ward 0 0 2 15 2 15Addis Ababa 2 15 0 0 2 15Rural area of this wereda 1 8 0 0 1 8Non-neighbouring country 1 8 0 0 1 8In this village 0 0 1 8 1 8Total 6 46 7 54 13 100Table 10 suggests that there are much fewer members absent from the household outsidethe community in Yetmen than in Turufe. Only thirteen people were away from Yetmenat the time of the survey. Seven of the thirteen absent household members were women.Two of the men had migrated to Addis, and four of the women to rural areas and two tourban areas of the wereda.The limited out-migration reported for Yetmen as compared to Turufe may be related tothe fact that the former is far from large urban areas, whereas Turufe is very close to thetowns of Shashemene and Arssi Negele.34
Table 11: Reason for absenceFrequency PercentageOrdinary social visit 6 46Education 2 15Armed forces 1 8Health treatment/seeking health treatment 1 8Manual work 1 8Studying 1 8Other 1 8Table 11 shows that social visits were the most common cause of absence amongst thesmall number of absentees. It is also notable that absence employment is very rare inYetmen.Table 12: Location where household members would seek workFrequency PercentageThis village 710 85Urban area of this wereda 30 4Urban area of this region 29 3Rural area of this ward 17 2Addis Ababa 16 2Rural area of region 13 2Rural area of this wereda 6 1Major city of this region 6 1Non-neighbouring country 3 0Other rural area 1 0Respondents were asked if they were seeking work where they would go. Table 12suggests that the wish to work outside is much more common in Turufe than in Yetmen,where eighty-five percent of responses indicated looking for employment within Yetmen.Of those who indicated that they would look for work outside the village, the mostcommon locations were local towns, with only two percent considering Addis Ababa.Imdibir: In-migration trendsMost Gurage migrants return to their rural home at least once a year during Meskel, andthey often come with cash and in-kind gifts. They also respond to any crisis faced bytheir parents or close family members. Those who are members of the family and livingin the region will also help with whatever they can afford. In times of crisis, friendship,neighbourhood, kinship and lineage are all important.Migrants to the village over the last five years mostly include migrants who wereengaged in the informal sector, and evicted due to urban land and trade regulations inAddis Ababa and other secondary cities. The return migrants reported that they used toearn income by selling second-hand clothes, newspapers and magazines of the free press.The return of demobilised soldiers and evicted Gurage merchants was also observed due35
Page 1 and 2: Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTThe paper examines key issu
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPSTab
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryThis study attempt
Page 9 and 10: of development structure can serve
Page 11 and 12: The paper examines key issues affec
Page 13 and 14: functions. The improvement of physi
Page 15 and 16: agriculture, de-prioritisation of u
Page 17 and 18: The promulgation of ethnic-based fe
Page 19 and 20: including development policies and
Page 21 and 22: Proponents also argue that forms of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Positive Links between Mi
Page 25 and 26: and voluntary associations as a mec
Page 27 and 28: OSSREA (1995) presents the findings
Page 29 and 30: elated to marriage, notably moving
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reason for absenceFrequenc
Page 33 and 34: as well as Tigray, the following as
Page 35 and 36: Table 6: Location where household m
Page 37 and 38: survey in May 2004. Most of these,
Page 39: Table 9: Location where household m
Page 43 and 44: Dinki, Amhara: Out-migration trends
Page 45 and 46: Table 13: Household members away fr
Page 47 and 48: There are still considerable number
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.Type of work and livelihoods of
Page 51 and 52: Migrants work on different terms th
Page 53 and 54: technology and lifestyles. Furtherm
Page 55 and 56: false banana) and maize. Similarly,
Page 57 and 58: sell the alcoholic drink, areke, wh
Page 59 and 60: where there is a sugar plantation,
Page 61 and 62: Table 23: Type of support received
Page 63 and 64: 2.4. Preferences regarding urban ce
Page 65 and 66: urban sites, Kolfe and Shashemene,
Page 67 and 68: 2.6. Labour force and employment op
Page 69 and 70: egion was high and was not impeded
Page 71 and 72: LBox 2: List of migration experienc
Page 73 and 74: Case 5: ES, male, poor, seasonal /s
Page 75 and 76: Case 11: AD, female, Oromia migrant
Page 77 and 78: alleviated by appropriate rural dev
Page 79 and 80: Successive Ethiopian governments to
Page 81 and 82: in providing information about jobs
Page 83 and 84: this recommendation but its impleme
Page 85 and 86: Carney, D., 1998, Sustainable Rural
Page 87 and 88: Kloos, H. (1988). "Ethiopia's Econo
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: The WeD-Research SitesMap
Page 91 and 92:
Map 4:Sketch map of Imdibir85
Page 93 and 94:
Map 6:Sketch map of Shashemene87
Page 95 and 96:
Map 8:Sketch map of Korodegaga89
Page 97:
Table 33: National Rural Migrants P
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Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

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