Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

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Ankober was discussed rather as the centre of their political and administrative burdens.They indicated that they go to attend meetings called by wereda officials and to attendcourt when necessary.All the FGD participants agreed that the most important rural migration destinations foradults from Dinki are Addis Alem, Lalo, Zego, Gendawuha, Haramba, Ayigebir Rassaand Koka. The participants revealed that Addis Alem has been a very important centreespecially for the Muslims in terms of marriage, kinship relations and religious or ritualactivities. Addis Alem was revealed to be the centre of different worship rituals andhigher-level religious education. There are three famous worshipping places in AddisAlem that Muslim pilgrims from urban areas such as Addis Ababa, Awash, Debre Birhanand Nazareth used to celebrate. Another important destination for Quranic education isKoka. It was revealed that since the Imperial Period Muslims from Dinki have beensending their children to attend a prestigious religious school in Koka from which theygraduate with the title of Deressa.Participants agreed that Addis Alem has also been an important place for Christians interms of accessing formal education and acquiring jobs as daily labourers. There is apublic owned primary school (grades 1-3). Genda Nahal Chibite was also mentioned asan important destination due to the availability of a primary school (grades 1-6), localgovernment administration office and attractive chat trade. In the FGD, the respondentshave also indicated that Chibite will be an even more important destination in the nearfuture as the construction of a health post was completed at the beginning of this year.Genda Wuha, Zego, Lalo and Ayigebir were especially important for the AmharaChristian inhabitants living in Dinki as they were linked through regular marriage andkinship ties, attending wedding and funeral ceremonies, and important religiousactivities. Almost all of the Amhara in Dinki were said to have marriage relations withsome of the above areas as the majority of their kin group had remained there since theymoved to Dinki.Rassa, although far away from Dinki, was considered to be an important centre ofmigration for weavers. It was revealed that during bad times Muslims used to carry theirweaving implements and settle in Rassa where weavers are warmly welcomed.Based on the above FGD, we can say that people in Dinki are very much connected torural and urban destinations for various reasons. While the linkages with rural areas aredominated by social and religious reasons, the linkages with urban areas are explainedmostly by market opportunities, and the availability of health and administrative services.38
Table 13: Household members away from the village in May 2004Male Female TotalFrequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency PercentageRural area of this ward 2 8 5 20 7 28Other rural area 0 0 4 16 4 16Non-neighboring country 2 8 2 8 4 16Urban area of this wereda 2 8 1 4 3 12Rural area of this wereda 1 4 1 4 2 8In this village 1 4 1 4 2 8Addis Ababa 0 0 2 8 2 8Rural area of region 1 4 0 0 1 4Total 9 36 16 64 25 100Table 13 shows that there were relatively few absences from the community at the timeof the RANS compared to Turufe Kecheme. Those that were away form Dinki weremostly visiting rural areas (fifty-two percent), with a very small number of peopletravelling to urban locations. It is also notable that there were four absentees in nonneighbouringcountries which is a greater number than any other site except for Kolfe inAddis Ababa. Of the relatively small number of absentees the majority (sixty-fourpercent) were women, and it is primarily women who were visiting rural areas at the timeof the survey.Table 14: Reason for absenceFrequency PercentageEducation 8 32Ordinary social visit 4 16Health treatment/seeking health treatment 3 12Marriage 3 12Funeral 3 12Domestic work 2 8Seeking work 1 4Other 1 4Table 14 shows that social occasions (forty percent), and obtaining services such aseducation (thirty-two percent) and health treatment (twelve percent) were the main causesof absence from Dinki. In comparison work-related motivations appear to be relativelyunimportant. Indeed this is also reflected by Table 15, below, which shows that the vastmajority of those seeking employment are likely to do so within Dinki itself (eighty-eightpercent) with nobody looking for work outside Amhara.Table 15: Location where household members would seek workFrequency PercentageThis village 51 88Rural area of this ward 4 7Urban area of this wereda 2 3Rural area of region 1 239
Page 1 and 2: Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTThe paper examines key issu
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPSTab
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryThis study attempt
Page 9 and 10: of development structure can serve
Page 11 and 12: The paper examines key issues affec
Page 13 and 14: functions. The improvement of physi
Page 15 and 16: agriculture, de-prioritisation of u
Page 17 and 18: The promulgation of ethnic-based fe
Page 19 and 20: including development policies and
Page 21 and 22: Proponents also argue that forms of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Positive Links between Mi
Page 25 and 26: and voluntary associations as a mec
Page 27 and 28: OSSREA (1995) presents the findings
Page 29 and 30: elated to marriage, notably moving
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reason for absenceFrequenc
Page 33 and 34: as well as Tigray, the following as
Page 35 and 36: Table 6: Location where household m
Page 37 and 38: survey in May 2004. Most of these,
Page 39 and 40: Table 9: Location where household m
Page 41 and 42: Table 11: Reason for absenceFrequen
Page 43: Dinki, Amhara: Out-migration trends
Page 47 and 48: There are still considerable number
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.Type of work and livelihoods of
Page 51 and 52: Migrants work on different terms th
Page 53 and 54: technology and lifestyles. Furtherm
Page 55 and 56: false banana) and maize. Similarly,
Page 57 and 58: sell the alcoholic drink, areke, wh
Page 59 and 60: where there is a sugar plantation,
Page 61 and 62: Table 23: Type of support received
Page 63 and 64: 2.4. Preferences regarding urban ce
Page 65 and 66: urban sites, Kolfe and Shashemene,
Page 67 and 68: 2.6. Labour force and employment op
Page 69 and 70: egion was high and was not impeded
Page 71 and 72: LBox 2: List of migration experienc
Page 73 and 74: Case 5: ES, male, poor, seasonal /s
Page 75 and 76: Case 11: AD, female, Oromia migrant
Page 77 and 78: alleviated by appropriate rural dev
Page 79 and 80: Successive Ethiopian governments to
Page 81 and 82: in providing information about jobs
Page 83 and 84: this recommendation but its impleme
Page 85 and 86: Carney, D., 1998, Sustainable Rural
Page 87 and 88: Kloos, H. (1988). "Ethiopia's Econo
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: The WeD-Research SitesMap
Page 91 and 92: Map 4:Sketch map of Imdibir85
Page 93 and 94: Map 6:Sketch map of Shashemene87
Page 95 and 96:
Map 8:Sketch map of Korodegaga89
Page 97:
Table 33: National Rural Migrants P
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