Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

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distress situations, pay annual taxes, buy small stocks and obtain medication. Sendinghouseholds have benefited from flow of material supports such as better clothe, shoes,radios and cassette players, household utensils, consumer goods and farm implements.On the other hand, the loss of labour of migrants and the lack of their presence can havedetrimental economic and social consequences. For instance, the FGD participants inImdibir, Gurage Site, mentioned that the long term male migration has threatened thedirect male participation in family life and presence of appropriate father figure, which,in turn, contributed to the loosing of family ties and the dissemination of HIV/AIDS tospouses.(3) Individual level – Beyond serving as a safety net, the rural-urban seasonal migrationamong the interviewed individuals often did not bring great change to the lives of themajority of the poor migrants. Out-migration also has negative economic and social effectson those who migrated. The supply of domestic labours to urban inhabitants at extremelylow wages and benefits exposes a number of urban migrants to exploitation and abuse as aredemonstrated in the following cases.64
LBox 2: List of migration experiences by individuals of different originNo. Name Sex EthnicgroupAge Type ofmigrationDestinations1 TE M Amhara 37 Long-term Butajira, Ziway,migrant Shashemene2 LN M Amhara 45 Distress Goba, differentmigrants military camps,Shashemene3 TB M Gurage 43 Seasonal Yigalem,Migrant Soddo4 ZG M Gurage 67 Long-term Shashemenemigrant5 ES M Wolayita 38 Seasonal Wolayita,Migrant Shashemene6 BB F Wolayita ? Long-term Wolayita,migrant7 AA F Amhara ? Long-termmigrant8 BBA F WolayitaSoddo9 ANZ F AddisAbaba,Amhara? Long-termmigrant? Seasonalmigrant10 WM M Amhara ? Long-termmigrant11 AD F Gamo ? Long-termmigrant12 SK F Gurage ? Long-termmigrant13 LD M Gurage ? Seasonalmigrant14 BZ F Gurage ? SeasonalmigrantShashemeneAddis Ababa, ArbaMinch,ShashemeneSodo, ShashemeneGimbi, Nekemte,Jimma, Jinka, ArbaMinch, Wolayita,Boditi, Robe andnow inShashemeneMilitary campsGamo, KolfeSodo KolfeVariousVariousCurrentoccupationMusic ShopSmall barBlacksmithSmall tradeDaily labourerCharcoalSale of localdrinksDaily labourerBar worker/prostitutionCase 1: TE, longer–term migration experienceTE, Amhara, was born in Butajira, East Shewa, from a relatively well-to-do family in 1968. His parents hadflourmills and he used to work as a weighing scale attendant during his vacation. His father decided for himto move to Ziway in 1991 and helped him to open a music shop. After a couple of years, he moved toShashemene and he continued to run similar business. He feels that migration has changed his way of life.When he came to Shashemene he came with only little capital to open a music shop. In fourteen-years time,he managed to construct a house and buy a car. He brought three of his siblings to stay and work with him.He sends cash occasionally to support his parents even though they are economically well off. Migration has also broadened his social relations and networks. He is proud in mentioning that the mostsuccessful business people in Shashemene town are almost all migrants. He does not want to return to hishome area – Butajira – as he is doing well with his business in Shashemene.65
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Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages
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ABSTRACTThe paper examines key issu
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LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPSTab
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Executive SummaryThis study attempt
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of development structure can serve
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The paper examines key issues affec
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functions. The improvement of physi
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agriculture, de-prioritisation of u
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The promulgation of ethnic-based fe
Page 19 and 20: including development policies and
Page 21 and 22: Proponents also argue that forms of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Positive Links between Mi
Page 25 and 26: and voluntary associations as a mec
Page 27 and 28: OSSREA (1995) presents the findings
Page 29 and 30: elated to marriage, notably moving
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reason for absenceFrequenc
Page 33 and 34: as well as Tigray, the following as
Page 35 and 36: Table 6: Location where household m
Page 37 and 38: survey in May 2004. Most of these,
Page 39 and 40: Table 9: Location where household m
Page 41 and 42: Table 11: Reason for absenceFrequen
Page 43 and 44: Dinki, Amhara: Out-migration trends
Page 45 and 46: Table 13: Household members away fr
Page 47 and 48: There are still considerable number
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.Type of work and livelihoods of
Page 51 and 52: Migrants work on different terms th
Page 53 and 54: technology and lifestyles. Furtherm
Page 55 and 56: false banana) and maize. Similarly,
Page 57 and 58: sell the alcoholic drink, areke, wh
Page 59 and 60: where there is a sugar plantation,
Page 61 and 62: Table 23: Type of support received
Page 63 and 64: 2.4. Preferences regarding urban ce
Page 65 and 66: urban sites, Kolfe and Shashemene,
Page 67 and 68: 2.6. Labour force and employment op
Page 69: egion was high and was not impeded
Page 73 and 74: Case 5: ES, male, poor, seasonal /s
Page 75 and 76: Case 11: AD, female, Oromia migrant
Page 77 and 78: alleviated by appropriate rural dev
Page 79 and 80: Successive Ethiopian governments to
Page 81 and 82: in providing information about jobs
Page 83 and 84: this recommendation but its impleme
Page 85 and 86: Carney, D., 1998, Sustainable Rural
Page 87 and 88: Kloos, H. (1988). "Ethiopia's Econo
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: The WeD-Research SitesMap
Page 91 and 92: Map 4:Sketch map of Imdibir85
Page 93 and 94: Map 6:Sketch map of Shashemene87
Page 95 and 96: Map 8:Sketch map of Korodegaga89
Page 97: Table 33: National Rural Migrants P
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Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

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