Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Map 3:Map 4:Map 5:Map 6:Map 7:Map 8:Sketch map of YetmenSketch map of ImdibirSketch map of KolfeSketch map of ShashemeneSketch map of DinkiSketch map of Korodegagavi
Executive SummaryThis study attempts to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of migration andrural-urban linkages in Ethiopia. The study explored the types of linkages between urbanand rural areas, and the processes and consequences of labour migration and theirimplications for poverty alleviation in the country. The study used the analysis ofmigration data collected by the Research Group on Wellbeing in Developing Countries inEthiopia based on two urban and five rural research sites, Addis Ababa (the capital city ofEthiopia), Shashemene (a business town in Oromia National Regional State, ONRS),Korodegaga and Turufe Kecheme (rural villages in Oromia National Regional State,ONRS), Dinki and Yetmen (rural villages in Amhara National Regional State, ANRS)and Imdibir, a Gurage rural village in the Southern Nations and Nationalities PeopleRegion, SNNPR).Most of the studied rural households in Dinki, Imdibir, Korodegaga, Turufe Kechemeand Yetmen are heavily engaged in seasonal rural-urban migration, reflecting rural-urbanlivelihood interchanges, implying the advantages associated with non-farmingopportunities, indicating the pathways to cope with high climatic and market risks andciting hopes for the poor peasants who used to depend on their ‘starvation’ plots.A high female long-term rural-rural and rural-urban migration trend has been observedamong the case study communities. The main reason for the long-term rural-rural femalemigration is marriage, while the causes for the long-term rural-urban female migrationsare mostly attributed to ‘traditional’ socio-cultural practices such as early marriage, rapeand abduction as well as social reasons like divorce, death of spouse, familydisplacement, marriage arrangement and family relocation.The main reasons for the majority of the seasonal, male and adult urban migrations arelack of sufficient food, shortage of rural farmland, landlessness, imposition of heavy landtax and the inability of farmers to pay for agricultural debts.Seasonal rural-urban migration, although mostly practiced by the poor rural communitymembers, has involved middle income and even ‘rich’ peasants during agricultural slackseasons. We came across several individual cases, which demonstrated that both youngand adult men often practice seasonal migration to maximise their rural livelihoodopportunities, offset their rural distress and earn additional income to augment theiragricultural income.Long-term migrants to urban areas of Shashemene and Kolfe mostly include youngpeople from SNNPR, Amhara and Oromia regions. Pull factors in urban areas ofShashemene and Kolfe relate to a variety of work opportunities such as: employment asdaily labourers in the housing construction sector; loading and unloading of goods; urbanvegetable growing; weaving; blacksmithing; lottery ticketselling; and begging.Unmarried women are reported to engage in domestic work as housemaids, as waitressesand commercial sex workers in bars, as well as in the informal sector as petty traders andsome in begging.1
Page 1 and 2: Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTThe paper examines key issu
Page 5: LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPSTab
Page 9 and 10: of development structure can serve
Page 11 and 12: The paper examines key issues affec
Page 13 and 14: functions. The improvement of physi
Page 15 and 16: agriculture, de-prioritisation of u
Page 17 and 18: The promulgation of ethnic-based fe
Page 19 and 20: including development policies and
Page 21 and 22: Proponents also argue that forms of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Positive Links between Mi
Page 25 and 26: and voluntary associations as a mec
Page 27 and 28: OSSREA (1995) presents the findings
Page 29 and 30: elated to marriage, notably moving
Page 31 and 32: Table 2: Reason for absenceFrequenc
Page 33 and 34: as well as Tigray, the following as
Page 35 and 36: Table 6: Location where household m
Page 37 and 38: survey in May 2004. Most of these,
Page 39 and 40: Table 9: Location where household m
Page 41 and 42: Table 11: Reason for absenceFrequen
Page 43 and 44: Dinki, Amhara: Out-migration trends
Page 45 and 46: Table 13: Household members away fr
Page 47 and 48: There are still considerable number
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.Type of work and livelihoods of
Page 51 and 52: Migrants work on different terms th
Page 53 and 54: technology and lifestyles. Furtherm
Page 55 and 56: false banana) and maize. Similarly,
Page 57 and 58:
sell the alcoholic drink, areke, wh
Page 59 and 60:
where there is a sugar plantation,
Page 61 and 62:
Table 23: Type of support received
Page 63 and 64:
2.4. Preferences regarding urban ce
Page 65 and 66:
urban sites, Kolfe and Shashemene,
Page 67 and 68:
2.6. Labour force and employment op
Page 69 and 70:
egion was high and was not impeded
Page 71 and 72:
LBox 2: List of migration experienc
Page 73 and 74:
Case 5: ES, male, poor, seasonal /s
Page 75 and 76:
Case 11: AD, female, Oromia migrant
Page 77 and 78:
alleviated by appropriate rural dev
Page 79 and 80:
Successive Ethiopian governments to
Page 81 and 82:
in providing information about jobs
Page 83 and 84:
this recommendation but its impleme
Page 85 and 86:
Carney, D., 1998, Sustainable Rural
Page 87 and 88:
Kloos, H. (1988). "Ethiopia's Econo
Page 89 and 90:
Annex 1: The WeD-Research SitesMap
Page 91 and 92:
Map 4:Sketch map of Imdibir85
Page 93 and 94:
Map 6:Sketch map of Shashemene87
Page 95 and 96:
Map 8:Sketch map of Korodegaga89
Page 97:
Table 33: National Rural Migrants P
show all

Migration and Rural-Urban Linkages in Ethiopia

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?