Women and Men in the Caribbean Community

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Women and Men in the Caribbean CommunityTable 3.2 Crude mortality rates per 1000 population by sex around 1985 and 1990and latest available yearSource: Data submitted to theCARICOM Secretariat andCAREC by Member States.a Data refer to 1991.Country c1985 c1990 1995/2000Antigua and BarbudaFemale 7.2 6.6 7.1Male 7.2 7.4 8.2The BahamasFemale 4.3 4.9 5.4Male 6.1 6.1 6.8BarbadosFemale 8.5 8.6 9.0Male 9.1 8.8 9.8BelizeFemale 4.2 3.5 3.6Male 5.1 3.6 5.4GrenadaFemale … 8.3 6.8Male … 8.0 7.3JamaicaFemale 5.7 5.6a5.4aMale 6.2 5.8a5.6aSurinameFemale 5.2 4.6 …Male 6.6 5.6 …Trindad and TobagoFemale 6.2 6.7 6.5Male 7.4 7.9 7.9INFANT MORTALITY is the deathof an infant before his or her firstbirthday.Boys Experience Higher Infant MortalityIn most countries infant mortality is higher among boys than among girls, insome cases by a substantial margin. Higher infant mortality among boys, as comparedto girls is evident in countries such as Barbados, The Bahamas, Guyana,Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. However, in Belize, Grenada andSt. Vincent and the Grenadines, girl babies are at a disadvantage and experiencea higher number of deaths in the first year of life than boys (table 3.3). 8 Highermortality of infant girls relative to boys deviates from expected patterns of mortality,especially during the first year of life, when the biological advantage of girlsis prevalent. According to Gómez (1993), “at any age—including the foetalstage—provided health conditions and nutrition are adequate for the populationas a whole, mortality rates for males tend to be higher than those for females.However, wherever external factors—particularly those related to social status—work against women, the biological advantage of the female sex narrows and mayeven be reversed” (p. 25).8 The available data relate to the 1990s, except for Grenada, which was 2000.32
Chapter 3: HEALTHTable 3.3 Number of infant deaths by sex, latest available yearCountry Year Girls BoysRatio of girlsto 100 boysAntigua and Barbuda 1995 5 5 100The Bahamas 1996 32 42 76Barbados 1991 13 40 33Belize 1998 75 69 109Grenada 2000 17 10 170Guyana 1999 401 514 78Jamaica 1991 253 318 80Saint Lucia 1998 22 26 85St.Vincent and the Grenadines 1997 28 19 147Suriname 1992 55 58 95Trinidad and Tobago 1997 146 170 86Source: Data submitted to theCARICOM Secretariat by Member Statesand the Demographic Yearbook, 1999.United Nations publications, Sales No.E/F.01.XIII.1; table 15.Chart 3.2 Fewer girls than boys die before their first birthdayInfant deaths, ratio of girls to 100 boys, latest available yearTrinidad and Tobago, 1997Suriname, 1992St.Vincent and the Grenadines, 1997Saint Lucia, 1998Jamaica, 1991Guyana, 1999Grenada, 2000Belize, 1998Barbados, 1991The Bahamas, 1996Antigua and Barbuda, 1995Source: Based on table 3.3.0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Ratio (girls to 100 boys)The level of infant mortality is an important indicator of the well-being of infants, childrenand pregnant women, because it is determined by and associated with factors suchas the health of the mother, access to health care, socio-economic conditions andbiological factors, as well as health care practices. Declines in infant mortality levelshave been associated with control of diarrhoeal diseases, improved maternal health andsuccess in reducing malnutrition related diseases (PAHO, 1998). Thus the level of infantmortality is a composite index reflecting all of these factors. While the countries of theRegion have been able to make substantial strides in reducing infant mortality, their gainscould be slowly eroded as the AIDS pandemic continues.33
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