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Volume 94 Number 885 Spring 2012EDITORIAL: OCCUPATION‘Vae victis!’ (‘Woe to the vanquished!’). This exclamation by the Gaulish chieftainBrennus, dictating his terms after defeating ancient Rome, 1 illustrates a historicalreality: defeat on the battlefield has, over the centuries, entailed a series ofmisfortunes for the conquered peoples. Murder, rape, slavery, and plunder:conquest gave the victors absolute rights over people and their property, and itoften meant the outright annexation of captured territories. ‘To act as if one ownsthe place’ is still a current expression that reflects the arbitrary actions of theconqueror – the principle that ‘might makes right’.Since the nineteenth century, the development of international humanitarianlaw has put an end to this seemingly inevitable chain of events by graduallyexpanding the protection of people who fall into enemy hands and by setting greaterlimits on the conduct of hostilities. The international system has also evolved,banning the use of force in relations between states, forced annexation, 2 andcolonization. 3 Humanitarian law has developed in parallel and applies to armedconflict, regardless of its cause and legality.At first glance, occupation seems to be well covered by treaty andcustomary law, to the extent that occupation law generally features among thetraditional aspects of humanitarian law. During the American Civil War, a series ofinstructions for an occupying army became part of the rules of conduct of the Unionforces, named after the legal scholar Francis Lieber. 4 In international law, Section IIIof the Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed tothe Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, is entitled ‘Military Authority over theTerritory of the Hostile State’. Additional constraints on the occupier’s conduct wereintroduced in the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Additional Protocol Iof 8 June 1977, so that the powers of occupiers are now governed by theseinstruments, most of which derive from customary international law.The notion that the occupier’s conduct towards the population of anoccupied territory must be regulated underpins the current rules of humanitarianlaw governing occupation. Another pillar of this body of law is the duty to preservethe institutions of the occupied state. <strong>Occupation</strong> is not annexation; it is viewed as atemporary situation, and the Occupying Power does not acquire sovereignty overthe territory concerned. Not only does the law endeavour to prevent the occupierfrom wrongfully exploiting the resources of the conquered territory; it also requiresthe occupier to provide for the basic needs of the population and to ‘restore, andensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutelydoi:10.1017/S1816383112000628 5
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Reports and DocumentsThe inclusion
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