Duane W. Roller

the Alexandrian War, which continues into spring. Arsinoë joins the side of
Ptolemy XIII (perhaps early 47 b.c.).
47 b.c.: Alexandrian War settled early in year; Ptolemy XIII killed. Caesar makes
Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV joint monarchs, including rule of Cyprus. Arsinoë
is removed from the succession and sent to Rome. Caesar remains in Egypt for
several weeks and takes Nile cruise. In spring, Caesar leaves Alexandria and
returns to Rome by way of Pontos. Cleopatra has her fi rst child, Caesarion (23
June).
46 b.c.: Caesar celebrates his triumph, in which Arsinoë appears and is then sent
into exile in Ephesos. Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV go to Rome (late summer)
and are made friendly and allied monarchs by Caesar. Statue of Cleopatra
placed in Forum Julium. She returns to Alexandria by autumn.
44 b.c.: Cleopatra returns to Rome, probably to solidify her position aft er
Caesar eliminates all opposition. Caesar assassinated (15 March). Cleopatra
returns to Alexandria as Octavian arrives in Rome (April). She has Ptolemy
XIV eliminated (summer).
43 b.c.: Triumvirate constituted. Cleopatra approached by Cassius for assistance
and refuses, but she sends four legions left in Egypt by Caesar to
Dolabella. Cleopatra sails in command of her fleet to Greece to assist triumvirs,
but the fleet is damaged in a storm. Triumvirs grant official recognition
of Caesarion.
42 b.c.: Battle of Philippi (autumn). Antonius remains in East to settle aff airs.
41 b.c.: Antonius makes headquarters at Tarsos and summons Cleopatra
(summer). He confi rms her position, perhaps giving her parts of Kilikia, kills
Arsinoë at her request, and joins her (late autumn) in Egypt for a vacation.
40 b.c.: Antonius leaves Egypt (spring) to settle problems in Syria and Rome.
Cleopatra gives birth to Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene (late summer).
Perusine War occurs in Italy. Antonius’s wife, Fulvia, dies. Settlement between
triumvirs at Brundisium (September). Antonius offi cially receives East as his
province and marries Octavia. Herod visits Cleopatra (December).
37 b.c.: Triumvirate renewed; preparations made for Parthian War. Octavia
remains in Italy as Antonius establishes headquarters at Antioch and sends for
Cleopatra, who brings the three-year-old twins. Major territorial distributions
to Cleopatra begin and continue into 34 b.c. Antonius’s actions, exploited by
Octavian, meet with public disfavor in Rome.
36 b.c.: Parthian expedition sets forth; Cleopatra travels with it as far as
Zeugma. She makes a tour of new possessions and visits Herod. She bears her
fourth child, Ptolemy Philadelphos (summer). Parthian expedition becomes
a disaster; Antonius struggles back to coast and summons Cleopatra for aid,
eventually returning to Alexandria with her.
35 b.c.: Plans made for a renewed Parthian expedition; Octavia announces
her desire to join Antonius with logistical support but is stopped at Athens
160 Cleopatra