Semantics

PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS II 141
body
arm leg trunk head
shoulder
upper arm
elbow
lower arm
wrist
hand
finger
knuckle
nail
palm
back
We also find conceptual gaps in the case of a lack of Spanish or French
term equivalent to the English nut, which includes walnuts, peanuts,
almonds, etc., because there is not a natural category for such a thing in
either language. Similarly, the English language has a three part category
that includes animals (rabbits, frogs, and crocodiles), fish and birds, where
the category animals excludes birds and fish.
Here Cruse sustains that we have a conceptual gap. Maybe a French
or Spanish term for [non-human, animate living on soil or earth] in
contrast to [non-human, animate living on either water or air] would fill
this gap? On the other hand, the Spanish meronymic hierarchy would
include animal as the higher level term.
6.1.4. Linear structures
Other lexical structures include linear structures. These, in turn, also
include chains and grids. In bipolar chains, the scale on which a pair of
opposites operates is often host to a number of terms which denote
different degrees of a property. The most frequent pattern is one in which
there are implicit superlative terms at each end of the scale, such as in:
Minuscule, tiny, small, large, huge, gigantic
By contrast, in monopolar chains there is no sense that the ends of the
scale are oriented in opposite directions. According to Cruse (1986) there