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Imatest Documentation Exif and Color matrix view The color correct matrix, results summary, and both [input - ideal] and [corrected -ideal] color difference summaries are shown. The initial and final error numbers shows how much the selected metric (in this case the sum of squares of Delta-E 94 for all patches with L*>10 and L*
Imatest Documentation ISO Sensitivity and Exposure Index Introduction ISO Sensitivity (or ISO speed) is a measure of how strongly an image sensor and/or camera responds to light. The higher the sensitivity, the less light (smaller aperture and/or shorter exposure time) required to capture a good quality image. Unfortunately there are several measures of Sensitivity, and they are not consistent with one another. Imatest calculates two of them: Saturation-based ISO sensitivity and Standard Output Sensitivity. Exposure Index (EI) is a camera setting derived from one or more of the Sensitivity measurements. It is used to determine the camera's exposure in response to a light level measurement. Exposure Index and Sensitivity are closely related and sometimes used interchangeably, but should be kept distinct. For example, one might say, "The camera's Saturation-based ISO sensitivity is 80 when the Exposure Index is set to 100." Increasing the Exposure Index increases the (analog) gain at the image sensor output, prior to digitization (A-to-D conversion), allowing the camera to operate with less light, increases noise, degrading overall image quality, causes the system to saturate at lower light levels (though the light level that saturates the sensor is unchanged), increasing both sensitivity measurements. Measurements are most representative of the sensor when the camera is set to its minimum EI (though it may not be perfectly representative if the system saturates— reaches maximum pixel level— before the sensor itself saturates). The following table summarizes the two sensitivity measurements supported by Imatest. Measures Affected by Measurement accuracy Saturation-based and Standard Output Sensitivity Saturation-based Sensitivity Ssat Standard Output Sensitivity SSOS Sensitivity relative to the luminance level that saturates the sensor or system. When the image is exposed for a region with 18% reflectance with EI derived from Ssat, a luminance equivalent to 141% reflectance will saturate the system (41% headroom). Sensor saturation level and analog gain prior to A-to-D conversion (set by the camera's EI setting). Not affected by the tonal response curve (TRC). About ±10%. Best with straight gamma encoding (no shoulder), which can be obtained by decoding the RAW image with dcraw). May be decreased by a "shoulder" in the TRC. Degraded by underexposure. Improved by slight to moderate overexposure (lightest patch at or near saturation). Origin Original ISO-12232 standard (1997) CIPA DC-004 (2004) Sensitivity in Imatest modules Sensitivity that results in a standard output level for the region used to determine the exposure. Exposure is typically based on a gray region with 18% (0.18) reflectance. The Standard Output level is a normalized pixel level = 0.18 encoding gamma , i.e., pixel level = 116 (out of 255 maximum) for encoding gamma = 1/2.2. All signal processing factors, especially the "shoulder" of the TRC applied during RAW conversion to reduce likelihood of sensor saturation. A TRC shoulder tends to increase SSOS. About ±10%. Since SSOS includes the effects of signal processing (the TRC, etc.) measurement accuracy is not affected by the TRC. But it may be degraded by "adaptive" processing, where different parts of the image are processed differently. Sensitivity is calculated in four Imatest Master modules, Stepchart, Colorcheck, SFRplus, and Multicharts, when the indicent light level in lux is entered (a lux meter is described on the Test Lab page), and EXIF data is available. Fred Harvey's EXIFtool is strongly recommended. Without it, EXIF data is only decoded for JPEG files. Typically the indicent lux level is entered in the input dialog box, and the sensitivity is displayed in one of the output plots and in the CSV output file, if it is written. Details vary slightly with the module. 53 of 451
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