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Overview: State of South African Cities Report 2016 In brief, the SoCR 2016 tells a story that: The economy is important for the development and growth of cities. With mounting job losses and the economic downturn affecting both the rich and the poor, attention is increasingly focused on the role that cities play in stimulating and supporting economic development. The facts show that cities have been driving growth, generating almost two-thirds of the country’s economic activity and just over half of national employment. The cities have also significantly improved their service delivery, and generally have good strategies in place to facilitate economic growth and social development. Cities are, therefore, well positioned to take a leading role in South Africa’s economic recovery and development. But there are issues of exclusion to be concerned about Cities are associated with promise and opportunity, but also exclude many people from participating in the economy and accessing opportunities in various ways. Yet they continue to attract many from rural areas and less prosperous cities, towns and villages in South Africa and beyond – people who are in search of work and a better quality of life. Few arrive with the skills and resources to compete for jobs in the city, and these formal employment opportunities are becoming increasingly scarce. The result is increased poverty, unemployment, overcrowding and social tension. And there are consequences to exclusion The inability of large segments to society to actively participate in the urban promise has consequences. Phenomena, such as collective violence and the vulnerability of populations (e.g. the youth and foreign migrants), may be associated with this inability of cities to meet their inhabitants’ rights and expectations to access urban resources, services and opportunities. However, many of the issues and solutions are not exclusively within the mandate of local government, and so intergovernmental coordination and the activation of communities become important, such as in the case of education, health and social development. Increasing economic and social inclusion will increase the sustainability and competitiveness of cities, and of the national economy. Cities, like countries, have been growing unsustainably The typical South African city has followed a resource-intensive growth path, and suffers from inefficiencies across sectors such as energy, water, waste, food, and transport. The energy mix is unsustainable, landfill sites are fast running out of airspace, freshwater resources are constrained, and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing (mainly from electricity generation and vehicles that run on fossil fuels). Cities have to develop sustainable city growth paths and priorities, and put in place systems to monitor their performance. Space is also critical to the growth and development of South African cities Spatial transformation is critical for cities to become more productive, inclusive and sustainable. South African cities are inefficient as a result of the combination of the apartheid legacy, which spatially displaced the black population and neglected public transport, and post-1994 developments that 10 State of South African Cities Report 2016
continued to locate subsidised housing and poorer populations in peripheral areas. This affects productivity, results in long and expensive commutes for poor urban residents, and perpetuates neighbourhoods that are separated by race and class. Issues of settlement (land access and housing) and mobility (transport) require short and long-term strategies to address spatial inefficiency and exclusion. The positive growth and good governance of cities relies not only on city governments Cities have been performing and are relatively well-governed, but they have functioned under dynamic and difficult circumstances, and therefore have had a mixed performance. South Africa’s institutions and systems need to be reconfigured in order to support positive urban growth – something that is echoed strongly in the Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF). This includes a shared recognition and appropriate support across government for the role of cities; better intergovernmental cooperation across the public spheres and sectors; conducive relations with the private sector; the strengthened role and constructive participation of an active civil society; and greater use of the knowledge industry. The Chapter Messages CH1 INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo and the long-range prospects • SA cities are expected to be effective drivers of both local and national development. • Cities are already engines of growth but operate under dynamic and difficult circumstances and with mixed performance. • SoCR considers both current (legacy) and future circumstances, dynamics and goals of the cities. CH2 THE SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA’S CITIES From abstract concept to meaning and means • Spatial transformation is critical for the growth and development of cities. It affects economic access and efficiency. • Our current urban development trajectory has negative characteristics that result in cities not achieving their spatial visions. • In order to transform space, the power relations, institutions and capabilities in the system also need to be transformed. • Short- and long-term strategies are required for land, spatial planning, housing and human settlements, and transport and mobility. • Regulations and public instruments can be used, but market interventions by various actors are also necessary. Overview: State of South African Cities Report 2016 11
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29 and 30: Key issues for South African cities
Page 31 and 32: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
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Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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