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Another is the present conundrum that, despite improved urban infrastructure (Stats SA, 2012), the main development indicators (HDI – the human development index) and the proxies for improved sanitation and water access (deaths due to diarrhoea) have only modestly improved (South Africa’s HDI ranking), or even worsened in the case of deaths due to diarrhoea (Turok and Borel-Saladin, 2014). These challenges affect the quality of life in cities. Increasing inequality and exclusivity of cities The poor and working class continue to be largely marginalised in South Africa’s cities. For instance, most low-income housing is located on the periphery of cities, and residents of these areas suffer poor access to centres of employment and social amenities. Consequences include higher transport costs for the poor, difficulty in accessing good schooling, and long travel times between places of work and home – time that could otherwise spent on much more productive uses. These structural arrangements subvert South Africa’s urban vision of having more compact, integrated and inclusive cities (COGTA, 2016). Understanding of and support for local government Some governance challenges faced by cities are internal to the local sphere, but others are related to the lack of understanding of local government by other spheres, which have had to recalibrate their systems in order to provide relevant support. One example is decentralisation and the corresponding functional devolutions – planning with the recent Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA), and eventually public transport and human settlements. However, these processes have faced delays and are not accompanied by fiscal decentralisation. Another example is the increasing recognition that differentiation in policy and sector support is needed, with programmes emerging that support metros, secondary cities and small towns in different, more targeted ways. Spatial dynamics 6 In the NDP (specifically, Chapter 8 on Transforming Human Settlements) and the Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDF), space and spatial development are important priorities for eliminating poverty and reducing inequality in South Africa. South African apartheid legacies, socioeconomic development needs and employment challenges (especially youth unemployment) require intervention at a fundamental and large scale. Spatial targeting of initiatives, investments, plans and projects can help strengthen economies and boost employment creation. However, sustainable urban (and rural) development will require much more than mere basic service provision or the ad hoc roll-out of large infrastructure projects. It requires investment initiatives that leverage spatial multipliers, and strengthen and extend industry linkages and networks within functional regional economies. The need to identify, strengthen and extend the range of relevant networks and value chains has often been raised, but modest progress has been made at national and various regional levels (EDD, 2014). Since 1996, South Africa’s urban landscape has changed and resulted in spatial and developmental implications, opportunities and challenges, as explained below. 6 The spatial framework applied here is based upon the 2014 version of the SA settlements typology which was developed to support the development of the IUDF (Van Huyssteen, et al., 2014), as well as the stepSA Geospatial Analysis Platform which was developed to improve the spatial resolution of meso level information in South Africa (http://stepsa.org/settlement_typology.html). 30 State of South African Cities Report 2016
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and towns are the backbone of regional and rural economic networks City-regions, cities and major towns are not only home to the majority of the population but are also the engine rooms of the South African economy – an estimated 57% of the formal economy is generated in the city-regions alone. South Africa’s cities play key roles as gateways to and/or anchors of spatial networks – connecting people, places, freight, logistics, financial, service, learning and institutional networks (ESPON, 2014). A 2014 analysis conducted by EDD and the CSIR (2014), which was based on a range of municipal and functional city area indicators, highlighted the critical role of cities as international, regional, and more localised networks. 1 Figure 1.6: Cities and towns are anchors and gateways within regional and rural economic networks Zimbabwe Mussina Botswana Namibia Northern Cape Western Cape Cape Town Mozambique Limpopo Pretoria Polokwane Mpumalanga Nelspruit North West Johannesburg Gauteng Swaziland Free State Kwazulu Natal Bloemfontein South Africa Kimberley Lesotho eThekwini Umtata Eastern Cape East London Port Elizabeth Kilometers 0 100 200 400 600 800 Map Legend: Global gateway Regional gateways District gateway Network ! Main Cities Provinces District-settlement connections Homelands (former) SADC • International gateways: Although international investment and trade in South Africa (and Africa) may be directed at more rural, resource-rich enclaves (e.g. mining areas), metropolitan and large urban areas and port cities are used as gateways and springboards. • Gateways and anchors for national and regional economic networks: Metropolitan areas and large urban areas are the major global and regional gateways, and drivers of innovation and job growth in supra-national, national and sub-national regional economic networks and many of the job-driver specific value chains. • Gateways for regional and rural economies and service delivery: Regional and district gateways offer the potential to grow, anchor and connect government and economic service networks, as well as support growth and innovation in local and regional value chains. Source for this and later maps in chapter: CSIR and StepSA city viewers and indices. http://stepsa.org/ INTRODUCTIOn 31
Page 1 and 2: State of south african cities Repor
Page 4 and 5: The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
Page 8 and 9: Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
Page 10 and 11: Overview: State of South African Ci
Page 12 and 13: CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
Page 17 and 18: State of Cities Reporting Over the
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
Page 21 and 22: The consequence of this rapid urban
Page 23 and 24: LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
Page 25 and 26: Addressing these challenges require
Page 27 and 28: TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
Page 29: Key issues for South African cities
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.8: Population change total
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
Page 37 and 38: Significant densification through b
Page 39 and 40: Increased densities and demand have
Page 41 and 42: Global networks versus domestic res
Page 43: Informed by five years of research
Page 46 and 47: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
Page 48 and 49: In cities, economic and social ineq
Page 50 and 51: Undesirable current spatial configu
Page 52 and 53: neighbouring municipalities are not
Page 54 and 55: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Page 56 and 57: Built environment investments not s
Page 58 and 59: The cost of fragmentation In additi
Page 60 and 61: associated land uses benefit all, n
Page 62 and 63: Local government is best placed to
Page 64 and 65: Competing land interests need to be
Page 66 and 67: PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
Page 68 and 69: The 2011 State of South African Cit
Page 70 and 71: The most recent National Household
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
Page 74 and 75: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
Page 76 and 77: Spatial transformation needs respon
Page 78 and 79: What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
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Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
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As mentioned, urban integration is
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Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
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Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
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Urban safety South Africa’s citie
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City’s unemployment rate is about
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Collective violence 7 Two main dime
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Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
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Furthermore, citizen education and
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South Africa requires a spatial pol
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SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
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Introduction Since 1994, the govern
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will need to have low-emissions gro
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Most of South Africa’s energy con
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Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
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• Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
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WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
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500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
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facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
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Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
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As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
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Accelerating the transition to sust
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disadvantaged groups, through facil
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Accelerating the transition to food
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Biodiversity South Africa is the th
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Open spaces Ecological and social o
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in the city and in their homes then
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Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
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Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
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Recommendations Develop and embed a
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
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informal political and social cultu
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Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
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While these dynamics are critical a
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Blurred intergovernmental responsib
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Access to information As many ward
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Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
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COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
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The right people are not necessaril
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Local government will require new k
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All the cities have performance man
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Unethical behaviour is one of the r
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Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
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Service Delivery and Development As
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Still playing catch-up on basic ser
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knew anything about the city’s ID
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The established routines need to ch
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FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
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Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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