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Table 5.2 shows how urban land uses changed between 2000 and 2013. Overall urban land uses are expanding, agricultural land is being lost and less land remains in a natural condition. These changes may have a significant impact on the sustainability and future resilience of the cities. Table 5.2: Land transformation and natural areas within cities (2000–2014) Year Buffalo City Cape Town Ekurhuleni eThekwini Johannesburg Tshwane Msunduzi Mangaung Nelson Mandela Bay Cultivated 2000 6 465.87 64 058.94 30 328.83 27 081.72 9 137.88 73 491.93 4 512.42 122 007.42 1 818.27 2014 30 755.52 40 183.56 36 548.19 23 520.60 6 839.91 108 805.95 5 382.54 170 604.00 8 492.22 Change -17% -59% 17% -89% -34% 23% -10% 24% 36% Degraded 2000 29 369.34 0.00 0.00 17 405.28 0.00 10 605.69 1 388.16 7 816.86 3 651.84 2000 484.47 589.32 9 692.73 430.38 5 104.44 5 524.47 113.04 138.87 642.96 Mines 2014 181.62 1 015.56 5 046.39 247.23 2 697.30 4 209.75 49.23 1 490.04 1 397.61 Change –167% 42% –92% –74% –89% –31% –130% 91% 54% 2000 179 063.37 98 506.53 70 897.68 121 541.22 63 369.99 422 132.85 35 006.76 447 747.12 147 770.73 Natural 2014 186 218.55 131 026.50 69 678.81 101 151.54 58 381.74 379 836.81 28 637.55 406 471.14 150 077.43 Change 4% 25% –2% –20% –9% –11% –22% –10% 2% Plantations Urban Built-up Waterbodies 2000 1 580.67 6 278.85 1 838.88 1 147.23 1 544.40 9 198.99 2 988.90 1 037.43 543.87 2014 5 922.27 3 224.52 4 852.17 1 421.10 5 976.54 7 599.69 4 049.73 2 124.27 998.10 Change 73% –95% 62% 19% 74% –21% 26% 51% 46% 2000 32 642.64 74 844.72 70 151.13 57 694.95 80 412.39 100 261.08 19 269.45 36 903.51 37 600.29 2014 27 746.73 63 872.64 68 740.56 99 981.00 83 334.87 114 115.95 24 314.49 40 437.27 31 425.66 Change –18% –17% –2% 42% 4% 12% 21% 9% -20% 2000 3 817.98 3 704.22 14 544.54 4 437.72 4 831.20 8 403.93 232.38 12 329.10 3 804.57 2014 2 599.65 8 659.89 12 587.76 3 417.30 7 169.94 15 050.79 1 077.57 6 853.68 3 441.60 Change –47% 57% –16% –30% 33% 44% 78% –80% -11% Grand Total 253 424.34 247 982.58 197 453.79 229 738.50 164 400.30 629 618.94 63 511.11 627 980.31 195 832.53 190 State of South African Cities Report 2016
Open spaces Ecological and social open spaces are important aspects of a sustainable city. Traditionally, open spaces are seen as the green spaces and parks within a city, yet open spaces can range from sports fields, highly landscaped and altered spaces, and public parks. Within a city’s land-use planning, streets (walkways), urban squares and institutional areas are not always defined as urban open space, but are a critical part of the open space network (along with social and ecological spaces). The open space network is often poorly planned and not adequately maintained. Informal settlement areas, in particular, often do not have any shared public spaces. Yet, the link between open space planning, urban densities and land-use planning is important in creating a sustainable city. Public spaces and land create a sense of community, and facilitate social and economic development and community revitalisation. While large public green spaces are often highly valued, and most cities have a Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) that includes a spatial plan for prioritising and planning for public spaces. For example, eThekwini uses its MOSS (the Durban MOSS or D’MOSS) to connect the public, private and tribal open spaces (including natural and transformed spaces) within the metropolitan area. The D’MOSS is integrated into the local planning schemes, and environmental areas covered by the D’MOSS may not be developed unless approval is given by the Environmental Management Department. In cases where development is approved, significant controls are imposed, such as the use of environmental or conservation servitudes. The aim is to ensure that the site’s ecosystem is protected and not adversely affected by development activities. Coasts The National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act (No. 24 of 2008) was a major paradigm shift for coastal management in South Africa, particularly for local government (Celliers et al., 2009). The Act recognises that cities are responsible for various spatial aspects of coasts and must develop coastal management plans, which are integrated into land-use planning schemes. All coastal cities have an Integrated Coastal Management Plan in place, and eThekwini and Cape Town have coastal setback lines (on average 10 metre contour above mean sea level), which also support the city responses to climate change adaptation. 5 Urban growth and expansion have a significant impact on coastal zones and their resources, which are valuable for many different sectors, including mining, fisheries, forestry and tourism. The demand is increasing for non-consumptive tourism, such as use of beaches (sun-bathing, swimming and picnicking), recreational fishing, boat-based whale watching, shark-cage diving and filming. Climate change is likely to affect coasts, particularly in ecological sensitive areas and where the built environment has encroached into coastal surge areas. The coastal zone itself will be subject to sea level rise (Breetzke et al., 2011), and the consequent flooding and coastal erosion can result in loss or damage to coastal infrastructure (including breakwaters, roads and buildings) and ecosystem services. SUSTAINABLE CITIES 191
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State of south african cities Repor
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The cities covered in the SoCR Limp
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FOREWORD by the Chairperson of the
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Buffalo city ekurhuleni ethekwini J
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Overview: State of South African Ci
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CH3 PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial trans
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INTRODUCTION Our cities: status quo
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State of Cities Reporting Over the
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Figure 1.2 shows the projected grow
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The consequence of this rapid urban
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LEARNING ACROSS BRICS: from city-re
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Addressing these challenges require
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TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AG
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Key issues for South African cities
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cities and
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Figure 1.8: Population change total
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Figure 1.10 shows that, while popul
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Significant densification through b
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Increased densities and demand have
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Global networks versus domestic res
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Informed by five years of research
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Spatial tran
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In cities, economic and social ineq
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Undesirable current spatial configu
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neighbouring municipalities are not
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Built environment investments not s
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The cost of fragmentation In additi
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associated land uses benefit all, n
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Local government is best placed to
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Competing land interests need to be
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PRE-1994 building POLICY 1994-2003
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The 2011 State of South African Cit
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The most recent National Household
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Figure 2.6: Alternate transport-urb
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SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION: Tracking tr
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Spatial transformation needs respon
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What is Required to Transform South
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Transformation of management and ca
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES Spatial transform
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Introduction South Africa is headin
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Congestion and pressure on resource
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transportation networks. Land-use p
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strategies in separate silos, with
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The Economic Role and Performance o
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• Johannesburg is South Africa’
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Nevertheless, recent economic fores
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• In the last five years, Tshwane
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Figure 3.7 shows the average labour
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Over the last 10 years, at a sector
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There is a marked correlation betwe
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Figure 3.13: Estimated city share o
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Figure 3.15: City gross fixed-capit
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development role set out in the 199
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Table 3.3: Key economic development
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• eThekwini has an active economi
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Both types of township are low-inco
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Informal economy and self-employmen
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South Africa’s Expanded Public Wo
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PRODUCTIVE CITIES 123 3
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cities sti
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Andile’s story This is based on a
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of that ward participate in making
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Cape Town metro Mangaung Mamre Pell
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These service delivery gains have c
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YOUTH STUDY: Youth potential and vu
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However, when the NWAC is superimpo
Page 140 and 141: Tshwane, Figure 4.7: Johannesburg C
Page 142 and 143: As mentioned, urban integration is
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.2: Change in lowest income
Page 146 and 147: Ethekwini metro Northdale Hambanath
Page 148 and 149: Urban safety South Africa’s citie
Page 150 and 151: City’s unemployment rate is about
Page 152 and 153: Collective violence 7 Two main dime
Page 154 and 155: Towards More Inclusive Cities Citiz
Page 156 and 157: Furthermore, citizen education and
Page 158 and 159: South Africa requires a spatial pol
Page 161 and 162: SUSTAINABLE CITIES Leveraging the t
Page 163 and 164: Introduction Since 1994, the govern
Page 165 and 166: will need to have low-emissions gro
Page 167 and 168: Most of South Africa’s energy con
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5.3: Average baseline energy
Page 171 and 172: • Tshwane initiated its A Re Yeng
Page 173 and 174: WASTE: legislation, policies and pl
Page 175 and 176: 500 0 400 200 0 2011 2013 2015 2017
Page 177 and 178: facility (i.e. waste is sorted manu
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5.10: Depiction of in- and o
Page 181 and 182: As Figure 5.12 shows, Cape Town and
Page 183 and 184: Accelerating the transition to sust
Page 185 and 186: disadvantaged groups, through facil
Page 187 and 188: Accelerating the transition to food
Page 189: Biodiversity South Africa is the th
Page 193 and 194: in the city and in their homes then
Page 195 and 196: Emissions reduction to mitigate cli
Page 197 and 198: Principles of a Sustainable City Ur
Page 199: Recommendations Develop and embed a
Page 202 and 203: Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 Cities have
Page 204 and 205: informal political and social cultu
Page 206 and 207: Section 51 of the Municipal Systems
Page 208 and 209: While these dynamics are critical a
Page 210 and 211: Blurred intergovernmental responsib
Page 212 and 213: Access to information As many ward
Page 214 and 215: Figure 6.5: Turnout for national an
Page 216 and 217: COMMUNITY-BASED PLANNING: Strengthe
Page 218 and 219: The right people are not necessaril
Page 220 and 221: Local government will require new k
Page 222 and 223: All the cities have performance man
Page 224 and 225: Unethical behaviour is one of the r
Page 226 and 227: Figure 6.9: Municipal audit consist
Page 228 and 229: Service Delivery and Development As
Page 230 and 231: Still playing catch-up on basic ser
Page 232 and 233: knew anything about the city’s ID
Page 234 and 235: The established routines need to ch
Page 237 and 238: FINANCE and INNOVATION Sustainable
Page 239 and 240: Introduction With total expenditure
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In 2013/14, unauthorised, irregular
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Figure 7.2: Nelson Mandela Bay Muni
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The challenge is that the interface
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Phase 3: City autonomy and accounta
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National Treasury uses Uniform Fina
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As Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show, Johann
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In the case of property development
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distribution. Johannesburg’s capi
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• Despite this, the overwhelming
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Effectiveness of spending and servi
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cities have low capital expenditure
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An encouraging development is that
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3. Political interventions • Some
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Smart city strategies Smart city st
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encourage non-compliance. If priced
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• Municipalities could rightfully
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Recommendations If spatial transfor
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Finance and Innovation 275 7
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Key Messages 1 2 3 4 5 A Call to Ac
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1. The Spatial Transformation chapt
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Statements of intent in the SOCR St
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WARWICK TRIANGLE: A fragile public-
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Arguably, the primary constraint pr
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Figure 8.1: The quadruple helix - t
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• Completing the National Framewo
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development agency) that took place
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MILE’s strategic objectives are:
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Public participation should be the
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The implementation of CBP through t
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According to Cloete (2015) a partne
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The chapters in this State of Citie
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Overall Recommendations Urban space
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Ensuring city transformation throug
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Roadmap to the city dashboards All
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Buffalo City @refinedrevolt
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CITY FINANCE economy Municipal reve
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Overview of flagship programme The
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Reflections While the development o
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People and Households Size of city
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Design Capital Introduction Cities
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Manenberg Contact centre Source: P.
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City of Ekurhuleni @moography
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme Situ
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the corporate structure and governa
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Go!Durban Introduction Integrated p
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Go!Durban will include new railways
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City of JOHANNESBURG @jayjay_gregor
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Overview of flagship programme The
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However, the success of the Corrido
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Naval Hill Introduction Heritage is
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In December 2012, the redevelopment
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Msunduzi @natesvw
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% CITY FINANCE e
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important tourist sites, there have
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In addition, the PURP includes the
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Safety and Peace through Urban Upgr
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A number of other projects have tak
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City of Tshwane @drae_savvides
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% CITY FINANC
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Wi-Fi is a significant enabler that
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The coverage map below shows the pl
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Introduction A key part of the deve
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These indicators were evaluated on
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SCODA is a partnership between citi
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Indicator PRODUCTIVE CITIES Definit
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Indicator SUSTAINABLE CITIES Defini
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2016 State of Cities Report Spatial
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Acronyms ACSA Airports Company Sout
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 State of South A
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. . . Figure 6.7 Percentage of seni
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References for Chapter 1 AfDB (Afri
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FFC (Financial Fiscal Commission).
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Cameron B. 2009. Integrated Rapid P
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References for Chapter 4 Balbo M. a
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Venter C and Cross C. 2014. Access
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DPME (Department of Planning and Mo
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National Treasury. 2006. Local Gove
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Tel: + 27 11 407 6471 • Fax: + 27
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