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34 COLONIAL CLASH Why were First Nation parents forced to send their children to Residential School? To see why, we have to look into Canada’s past. First Nation people lived in Canada for thousands of years. About 300 years ago, people from Europe came to Canada. The new settlers believed they were superior to First Nation. They did not understand or respect the traditional ways of the many First Nation cultures or their beliefs. The settlers wanted First Nation to become just like them. One thing the newcomers didn’t understand was First Nations’ beliefs about ownership of the land. In truth, all the land was part of the territory of one group or another. They respected it and lived on it for many many generations. But it was not owned by individuals. The land belonged to each group or nation collectively. The settlers thought the land wasn’t owned, so they built homes where they wanted to. The new settlements were called colonies. They were controlled by the government in England or France. Europeans also set up colonies in many other parts of the world. At first First Nation people welcomed the settlers and helped them survive, but soon they saw that the newcomers did not respect the rights of the First Nation people. When Canada was made a country on its own in 1867, the new government made a law that was only for First Nation people. It is called the Indian Act. It took away all the power people had in their lives. The government was the only authority, and First Nation people were treated like children. This law is still in effect today. The new settlers of Canada supported the government and its laws. One way they tried to control the First Nation people was to send the children away from their homes so their parents and grandparents could not teach them their traditions, culture and language. That is why the Residential Schools were started. 12 12 Borrowed from FNESC and FNSA document “Indian Residential School & Reconciliation” with permission. 64
BRIEF COLONIZATION TIMELINE 1492: Contact with Columbus. 1534: Contact with Jacques Cartier. 1620 - 1632: European Expansion and the formation of Canada 1755: First Indian Department is created by Government as a division of the British military. 1763: A Royal Proclamation notes First Nation, Métis and Inuit claims to lands and says treaties with Natives will be handled by the Crown. 1812: War of 1812 1831: The Mohawk Indian Residential School Opens in Brantford. 1844: Bagot Commission releases its report and recommends the establishment of manual labour schools for First Nation, Métis and Inuit children. 1857: Gradual Civilizations Act 1860: Indian Lands Act 1867: The British North America Act gives the federal government responsibility for First Nation, Métis and Inuit and their lands. 1870'S: Residential School System created. This is a system of industrial schools where children are intentionally separated from their parents to reduce the influence of the “wigwam.” Their painful legacy would stretch to today. 1876: The Indian Act is passed, essentially extinguishing any remaining self-government for natives and making them wards of the federal government. 1885 TO 1895: Laws prohibiting First Nation, Métis and Inuit Ways of Knowing (ceremony and traditions). 1907: Dr. Bryce, Chief Medical Inspector, reports 50% mortality rate in Residential Schools. 1920: Duncan Campbell Scott, Minister of Indian Affairs, makes it mandatory for First Nation, Métis and Inuit children to attend Residential Schools. 1958: Indian Affairs regional inspectors recommend abolishing the Residential School System. 1960: Natives are given the right to vote in federal elections. 1969: The partnership between the government and churches ends, and the federal government takes over the Residential School System. 65
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In order to addres
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MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR, WARREN H
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