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Cosmic Game © Douglass A. White, 2012 v151207 109 that the Egyptians used natron as a component of their construction materials as well as a component of incense. This information has been publicly available in texts and dictionaries ever since the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs, but nobody to my knowledge has ever commented on why the construction and fortress determinatives are used with natron. Now we are able to understand why the Egyptians wrote natron in this way. It was a vital component in the creation of poured limestone rock concrete for the construction of temples and pyramids. For the ancient Egyptians this was a divine and sacred technology profoundly embedded in their sacred constructions. The next question we must consider is how the Egyptians could cut, carve, engrave, transport, and erect huge granite, diorite, and basalt megaliths. We also have to deal with the fine diorite plates, bowls, and urns that apparently were turned on a potter's wheel while the geopolymer was still pliable. The Egyptians not only understood how materials bind together through electric charge, they mastered the technology of manipulating the hardness of materials through a sophisticated chemistry that did not require application of high temperatures, but relied on the use of water and special binding chemicals. Khenemew (Khnemu) is the tutelary deity of this technology and is often shown molding objects apparently made from clay on a potter's wheel. The assumption is that he is molding ordinary pottery, but he could be producing geopolymerized stoneware. There exist numerous vessels from the Old Kingdom that appear to have been folded and otherwise manipulated during their manufacture and instances of vessels apparently made of two different materials bonded together so perfectly that no traces remain of the bonding material -- for example one portion is made of graywacke and the other portion is of calcite and the two materials are flawlessly joined. “At least one piece is so flawlessly turned that the entire bowl (about 9 inches in diameter, fully hollowed out including an undercut of the 3 inch opening in the top) balances perfectly (the top rests horizontally when the bowl is placed on a glass shelf) on a round tipped bottom no bigger than the size and shape of the tip of a hen's egg! This requires that the entire bowl have a symmetrical wall thickness without any substantial
Cosmic Game © Douglass A. White, 2012 v151207 110 error! (With a base area so tiny - less than .15 square inches - any asymmetry in a material as dense as granite would produce a lean in the balance of the finished piece.) This kind of skill will raise the eyebrows of any machinist. To produce such a piece in clay would be very impressive. In granite it is incredible.” (Photos and text quoted from "Official Thread of the Unexplained": http://boards.collectors-society.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=4734742&fpart=4) The key to how the stone vessels were made is that they were "cooked" as a slurry of small fragments in a mixture of geopolymer ingredients such as kaolin, natron, and lime at a temperature of about 2000 degrees and then allowed to cool and set. While the mixture had not fully hardened, it was molded on a potter's wheel to achieve the perfect roundness and balance. Once hardened it appeared to be a piece of natural granite or diabase. Even in predynastic times the Egyptians could create imitation gems with glass paste and had unsurpassed craftsmanship in the working of flint. By the first dynasty they had mastered techniques of drilling rock crystal with sand abrasives to fashion vases and other delicate shapes as evidenced by examples found at Saqqara. Evidence of ancient Egyptians rapidly sawing, and drilling hard rocks such as granite as if it were a soft substance suggest that the Egyptians may have worked synthetic stone with their flint and copper tools before it fully hardened. The Egyptians also could carve and inscribe such stones in the same way. We know the Egyptians used rammed earth construction. The Egyptians could use special ramming techniques applied to synthetic rock as it cooled and set to produce stonework harder than the natural rocks in the quarries from which they obtained the raw materials -- again suggesting that they may have been manufacturing much if not most of the stone they used for construction and decoration with geopolymer techniques. The Old Kingdom pavement slabs at Giza are made of basalt. The quarry origin for this material was in the nearby Fayum at Gebel el-Qatrani, where there is an extensive basalt outcropping that was quarried extensively for use at Giza. However, it turns out that the basalt there has fractures that disallow large blocks. Furthermore, there are no tool marks at the quarry and the quarrying activity appears to be in the form of gathering highly weathered debris rather than cutting blocks. There is a seven-mile paved road -- one of the earliest paved roads in the world -- from the quarry, but no evidence on it of dragging large blocks. There are occasional piles of basalt debris that seem to be from spilled loads. All of this suggests that the Egyptians did not quarry basalt blocks but gathered basalt debris and transported it in baskets on donkeys and then used it to create geopolymerized slabs on site at Giza. The slabs at Giza have been identified as sourced from Gebel el-Qatrani, but their texture is coarser than that of the basalt there and really is a form of coarser grained diabase. Davidovitz and Morris take that as indicating the material came from Gebel el-Qatrani, but was then cold-geopolymerized into slabs rather than applying heat, with the result that the slabs have the texture of diabase, a type of rock that does not occur at all in the Fayum area. According to Morris, Davidovitz has been able to replicate the synthesis of both the coarse-grained diabase and the finer grained basalt by using, respectively, cold and hot geopolymerization processes. The
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