The Cosmic Game ( PDFDrive.com )

Cosmic Game © Douglass A. White, 2012 v151207 195
The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency. In the case of electromagnetic
waves the energy is determined by the wavelength rather than by the amplitude of the
wave. This means that a smaller wavelength has more energy than a larger wavelength
and therefore has more mass. This is what our Compton formula also shows.
Neutrinos
Modern physics has found only a type of particle with no charge called the neutrino that
is smaller than the electron. The neutrino has three variations (electron, muon, and
tauon), all of which apparently are smaller than the electron. Each has an extremely
small rest mass or perhaps only linear momentum, and the electron neutrino has the
smallest mass. Because of their small size and lack of charge, neutrinos tend to pass
through matter with almost no interactions and at nearly the speed of light.
Neutrinos tend to oscillate among the three variations, a feature that shows they are really
only quasi-particles, without a stable definition. The estimated mass of the electron
neutrino is about .04 eV / c² = 7.132×10 -38 kg, but it could be even 2000 or more times
smaller. At present there is no way to measure a slow-moving neutrino. Most
neutrinos move at so close to the speed of light that they appear to have a much larger
mass due to relativistic effects.
The small mass of the neutrino allows it to easily accelerate to speeds close to that of
light, and this particular feature makes the neutrino ideally suited to preserve the
conservation laws of mass-energy and spin during weak interactions at the sub-atomic
level. For example, a free neutron spontaneously decays within about 15 minutes into a
proton, releasing an electron and an electron antineutrino. The neutron has a mass of