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Cosmic Game © Douglass A. White, 2012 v151207 215 Commonly seen Egyptian "light bulb" glyphs that represent the two shrines of northern and southern Egypt Frank Dörnenburg has written a detailed article dismissing the idea of Egyptian light bulbs: "Electric Lights in Egypt". In his arguments he erroneously mixes issues and exaggerates scale in order to knock down this "fringe" hypothesis. I prefer to keep an open mind, although the unearthing of some "light bulb" detritus would be helpful to the fringe notion. I also find it hard to believe that Egyptians with working light bulbs would have then forgotten about them in some sort of national amnesia. It makes more sense to think of them as possibly mythicized memories of really ancient technologies that disappeared in some great catastrophe. Dörnenburg points out the Egyptians had their own technology of illuminating underground facilities such as the chambers in the Valley of Kings. They had smokeless lamps that consisted of wicks floating in olive oil. Dörnenburg further points out that in many cases temples and pyramids could be completed using daylight before the roofs were laid on. Much of the soot that is found in Egyptian sites dates from later tourists. On the other hand, that the big bulb graphics are only found in a late period temple is not an argument against antiquity. The Story of Ra and Isis survives only in a late period papyrus, but evidence in the Pyramid Texts indicates it was passed down from Old Kingdom times or earlier. Well, it seems some electrical detritus may have finally turned up -- inside the Great Pyramid! Christopher Dunn reports that a second robot was sent up the strange shaft from the Queen's Chamber that a first robot (Upuaut I sent in by Gantenbrink) had found at the end of the shaft a limestone block with two pieces of metal protruding from it that Dunn believes were electrodes. The second robot (Gantenbrink's Upuaut II) inserted a minicamera behind the block to see what was on the other side and found that the metal pieces had loops on the other side, evidence of corrosion, and what looked like electrical conduits, detritus from conduit repair, and even ancient wiring diagrams drawn on the floor for the ancient Egyptian technicians. Check it out with photos at http://www.gizapower.com/Anotherrobot.htm. Thanks to Larry White for drawing this to my attention. We shall see how this finding evolves with future investigations and leave this issue for the moment as a questionable interpretation of strange graphics. Let us continue our survey of modern developments in the understanding of photovoltaic and photoelectric phenomena.
Cosmic Game © Douglass A. White, 2012 v151207 216 In 1900 Lenard discovered the ionization of gases by ultra-violet light and two years later he observed that the energy of individual emitted electrons increased with the frequency of the light. This contradicted Maxwell's wave theory of light which predicted that the energy of electrons emitted in the photoelectric effect would be proportional to the intensity of the radiation that stimulated their emission. In 1905 Einstein proposed to describe light as composed of discrete quanta, later named photons, rather than as continuous waves. Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant, later called Planck's constant, since Planck had first proposed a constant with the same value to describe the behavior of black-body radiation. A photon above a threshold frequency that is determined by the substance with which it interacts has the required energy to eject a single electron from the substance and create the observed photoelectric effect. Einstein's discovery was a key step in the quantum revolution of physics and brought him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. Nevertheless, Einstein's concept was strongly resisted at first because the wave theory of light was in vogue and energy in physical systems was assumed to be infinitely divisible. Einstein's work predicted that the energy of individual ejected electrons increases linearly with the frequency of the light involved. The precise relationship had not at that time been tested although by 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light and is independent of the intensity of the light. In 1914 Robert A. Millikan (22 March 1868 – 19 December 1953) performed experiments that showed Einstein's prediction was correct. The famous "oil-drop" experiment of 1908 that demonstrated the quantized charge of the electron and the photoelectric experiment (1914) that determined the ratio of electron energy to light frequency were both done by Robert A. Millikan!!! Ironically Millikan initially was trying to disprove Einstein's theory because he believed as Maxwell that light was a wave phenomenon. Millikan's two experiments were critical steps in validating the foundation of modern quantum mechanics. The two experiments have become standard steps in the learning of quantum mechanics. Also somehow these two experiments and the associated phenomena are closely linked, although they always seem to be treated separately in the literature. The name Millikan linked them in my awareness when I noticed that he did both the critical experiments. The next data point that fell into place for me was a little notice at the end of the Wikipedia article on the "photoelectric effect" that described how NASA had discovered it to be occurring naturally on the Moon at a macroscopic scale that noticeably affects the environment.
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