Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...
Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...
Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...
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<strong>Hypsipyla</strong> <strong>Shoot</strong> <strong>Borers</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Meliaceae</strong> <strong>in</strong> Philipp<strong>in</strong>es<br />
E.B. Lapis 1<br />
Abstract<br />
The Philipp<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> 1992 had 125 513 ha <strong>of</strong> forestry plantations <strong>of</strong> which nearly 13 000 ha were<br />
planted to Swietenia macrophylla K<strong>in</strong>g. The current aim is to plant about 200 000 ha <strong>of</strong> plantation<br />
per year till 2015 and S. macrophylla is the third most popular species. One native species <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Meliaceae</strong> subfamily Swietenioideae, Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe is harvested on a small scale<br />
and has been experimentally planted. It has not been recorded to be damaged by the shoot borer,<br />
<strong>Hypsipyla</strong> robusta (Moore). S. macrophylla plantations have been significantly affected by<br />
H. robusta and another lepidopteran stem borer <strong>of</strong> the family Cossidae. Very little research has<br />
been conducted on H. robusta <strong>in</strong> the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es, which is partly due to the moratorium on the<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> S. macrophylla <strong>in</strong> the 1970s as a result <strong>of</strong> H. robusta damage.<br />
THE forestry <strong>in</strong>dustry is very important to the<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>e government, as shown by the follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators. A total <strong>of</strong> 31 schools nationwide <strong>of</strong>fer<br />
forestry courses with a total enrolment <strong>of</strong> 3740<br />
students <strong>in</strong> 1994. The 1991 Annual Survey <strong>of</strong> Establishments<br />
reported a total <strong>of</strong> 1242 large establishments<br />
manufactur<strong>in</strong>g wood and wood products,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g furniture and fixtures. Average employment<br />
<strong>in</strong> these establishments totalled 76 046 people.<br />
The revenue realised from forest charges on logs was<br />
estimated to be about US$21 million <strong>in</strong> 1994.<br />
Additionally, non-timber forest products generated<br />
about US$0.44 million <strong>in</strong> forest charges, ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
attributed to rattan poles.<br />
In 1994, the contribution <strong>of</strong> the forestry sector to<br />
the gross national product (GNP), at constant 1985<br />
prices, amounted to about US$114 million or 0.37%<br />
<strong>of</strong> national GNP, rank<strong>in</strong>g third among all agriculture<br />
and fisheries activities. The comb<strong>in</strong>ed gross value<br />
added (GVA) <strong>of</strong> the agriculture and fisheries sector<br />
was also ranked third beh<strong>in</strong>d the <strong>in</strong>dustry and service<br />
sectors.<br />
The Master Plan for Forestry Development <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es government set a target for the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> 3 million hectares <strong>of</strong> forest plantations from<br />
1991 to 2015, plant<strong>in</strong>g an average <strong>of</strong> 200 000 ha/year.<br />
1 Center for Forest Pest Management and Research, Ecosystem<br />
Research and Development Bureau, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Environment and Natural Resources, College Laguna 4001,<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es<br />
15<br />
From 1991 to 1995, 202 000 ha <strong>of</strong> government and<br />
private sector plantations have been established.<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Forestry Sector Program <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Environment and Natural Resources<br />
(DENR) (PCARRD 1992), the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal species <strong>of</strong><br />
trees planted <strong>in</strong> reforestation areas as <strong>of</strong> 1992, were:<br />
Gmel<strong>in</strong>a arborea Roxb. (65 508 ha), Pterocarpus<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicus Willd. (16 535 ha), Swietenia macrophylla<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g (12 969 ha), Acacia auriculiformis Cunn.<br />
(12 720 ha) and Acacia mangium Willd. (4053 ha).<br />
The area planted to m<strong>in</strong>or species totalled about<br />
13 728 hectares <strong>in</strong> 1992. These species <strong>in</strong>clude<br />
Albizia procera Benth., Casuar<strong>in</strong>a equisetifolia J.R.<br />
& G.Forst., Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe,<br />
Term<strong>in</strong>alia cattapa L<strong>in</strong>n., Alnus japonica (Thunb.),<br />
Eucalyptus deglupta Bl., Samanea saman Merr.,<br />
Gliricidia sepium Steud., Agathis philipp<strong>in</strong>ensis<br />
Warb., Tectona grandis L<strong>in</strong>n. f., Delonix regia Raf.,<br />
Triplaris cumm<strong>in</strong>giana Fisch. & May., Bauh<strong>in</strong>ia<br />
monandra Kurz, Shorea astylosa Foxw., Vitex parviflora<br />
Juss., Cassia fistula L<strong>in</strong>n., Anisoptera thurifera<br />
(Blanco) Blume, Piliostigma malabaricum Roxb.,<br />
Parkia roxburghii G. Don, Diospyrus philipp<strong>in</strong>ensis<br />
A. Dc., Calophyllum <strong>in</strong>ophyllum L., Hopea foxworthyi<br />
Elm., Paraserianthes falcataria (L.), Intsia<br />
bijuga (Colebr.), Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers.,<br />
P<strong>in</strong>us kesiya Royle ex Gordon, Senna spectabilis<br />
(DC) I.&B. (Spreng), Melia dubia Cav., Toona<br />
calantas Merr. & Rolfe, Aleurites moluccana Willd.,<br />
Dracontomelon dao Blume and Eucalyptus camaldulensis<br />
Dehn.