Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...

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growing T. ciliata in Sri Lanka. A detailed study on this problem is necessary to understand and design control strategies. Damage by H. robusta is also a considerable problem because the sites in which this species is planted are typically open (Beeson 1941). Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. As this is a slow growing mahogany species, it is not popular in areas where S. macrophylla can be grown. However, S. mahagoni can be grown in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Open planting and enrichment planting have been tested in trials. Initial plantings have shown some success but slow growth and high susceptibility to fire have resulted in this species no longer being planted. Some studies on the yield and growth of S. mahagoni have been done for the preparation of management plans (Sandom and Thayaparan 1995) with the assistance from the Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom. Two types of single-tree volume tables have been prepared. These are single entry volume table with diameter at breast height (dbh) as the predictor variable and double entry volume table with dbh and top height as the predictor variables (Mayhew in press a). Site index curves have been produced using dominant height measurements from temporary sample plots in Sri Lanka (Mayhew in press b). Hypsipyla robusta research results and future directions Results on research on H. robusta in Sri Lanka have been published in a Masters thesis (Mahroof 1999). Results suggest that attack can be successfully avoided by planting mahogany under shade provided by a nurse crop that is pruned and managed for competition. Since H. robusta is a major threat to growing Swieteniodeae in the open, future research will be directed at finding control measures for reducing attack on open sites. Emphasis will be placed on silvicultural methods and natural resistance rather than the use of pesticides. Current researchers The Prof J. Edirisinghe and Ms R. Mahroof of the University of Peradeniya in Kandy and Dr C. 6 Hauxwell of the University of Edinburgh (UK), in conjunction with the Forestry Department, have conducted research on management of nurse crops and shade for control of H. robusta during establishment of S. macrophylla (Mahroof 1999). Funding from the UK Department for International Development supported this project. At the Forestry Department, Mr D. Tilakaratna, Research Officer, is studying variation in susceptibility to H. robusta attack in different provenances of S. macrophylla from Sri Lanka and Nicaragua. Mr S. Thayaparan, Assistant Conservator of Forests, is studying silvicultural treatments for control of H. robusta damage. References Beeson, C.F.C. 1941. The ecology and control of the forest insects of India and neighbouring countries. Vasant Press, Dehra Dun, India, 1007 p. Conservator of Forests. 1994. Administration report. Forestry Department, Sri Lanka. Conservator of Forests. 1995. Administration report. Forestry Department, Sri Lanka. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1995. Annual report. Mahroof, R.M. 1999. The influence of light availability on attack by the mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla robusta Moore) in Sri Lanka. Masters Thesis, Edinburgh University, UK, 195 p. Mayhew, J.E. In Press a. Volume tables for Swietenia macrophylla. Sri Lanka Forester. Mayhew, J.E. In Press b. Site index curves for Swietenia macrophylla. Sri Lanka Forester. Mayhew, J.E. and Newton, A.C. 1998. The Silviculture of Mahogany. CABI Publishing, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, Wallingford, UK, 226 p. Sandom, J.H. and Thayaparan, S. 1995. Revision of the interim management plan for the mixed mahogany forests of Sri Lanka. Unpublished report for the Forest Department, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 241 p. Streets, R.J., 1972. Exotic Trees in the British Commonwealth. Clarendon Press. Oxford Tilakaratna, D. and Weerawardane, N.D.R. 1992. Evaluation of the initial performance of six timber species in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Forester, 20 (3/4). Triman, H. 1974. A handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Dulau and Co. London. Weerawardane, N.D.R. 1996. Environmental effects on the growth of broadleaved trees introduced under pine stands in Sri Lanka. PhD Thesis, Edinburgh University, UK.
Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in India R.V. Varma 1 Abstract The shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in India is a serious pest of meliaceous forest trees such as the exotics, Swietenia macrophylla King and S. mahagoni Jacq. and the native Toona ciliata M. Roem. Although Swietenia spp. are grown in plantations in many States, the establishment is difficult because of shoot borer attack during the sapling stage. Once past the sapling stage, Swietenia spp. are almost free of major pest problems. Information on the extent of mahogany plantations in a few States is available, but not for the country as a whole. Several studies have generated data on the biology and natural enemy complex of H. robusta. Recommendations for silvicultural management of the pest include providing overhead and side shade during establishment. However, this method has not been experimentally tested in field conditions. In the absence of a reliable management system for H. robusta, forest managers generally prefer tree crops which are more easily managed and less susceptible to pests. Thus Swietenia spp. are not favoured species for plantations. The past work done in India on H. robusta is reviewed and the need for a collaborative effort to develop a pest management system, incorporating silvicultural and biological methods is stressed. ONE OF THE long-standing pest problems in forestry in India is that of the shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) which attacks most species belonging to the family Meliaceae, subfamily Swietenioideae. It is a serious pest of the native Toona ciliata M. Roem. and Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem., and the exotics, Swietenia macrophylla King and S. mahagoni Jacq. Plantations of Swietenia spp. and T. ciliata have been established in many parts of the country but have not succeeded due to severe damage caused by H. robusta. Forestry is an important industry in India with about 13 million hectares of forest plantation in 1990 and the target of about 17 million hectares in 1995 (Rao 1994). The most important plantation tree species are Tectona grandis Linn. f., Eucalyptus spp., Acacia spp., Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. & G. Forst. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. The total area under meliaceous species is relatively small and precise data are not available. In addition, India has 64.2 million hectares of native forest of various types 1 Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi Kerala, 680 653, India 7 (Lal 1989), some of which is commercially harvested. This paper summarises existing information on various aspects of the ecology and control of H. robusta and identifies and sets priorities on major research needs. Biology and Impact of Hypsipyla robusta A reasonably detailed account of the biology of H. robusta in India was presented by Beeson (1941) and is summarised below. The female moth, which is larger than the male, lays hundreds of eggs which are deposited on the young shoots. Young larvae bore into the shoots and grow to a length of about 30 mm. Pupation occurs within the cocoon usually inside the larval tunnel or in some other parts of the host plant. The duration of the life cycle varies from 1 to 6 months in northern India where it overwinters as a fourth instar larva. In tropical climates, breeding is continuous throughout the year with overlapping generations of about 2 months in length. Under laboratory conditions the larvae tend to be cannibalistic (Ramaseshiah and Sankaran 1994) and a semisynthetic diet for rearing H. robusta has been developed (Achan 1968).
Page 1 and 2: Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae
Page 3: Mayhew and Newton (1998) have revie
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. Summary of current and pas
Page 9 and 10: 26° 21° WEST BENGAL (INDIA) PACHA
Page 11 and 12: The only harvesting of Swietenioide
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Page 19 and 20: them are species of the subfamily S
Page 21 and 22: T. ciliata grows in dry deciduous f
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Page 25 and 26: S. macrophylla and Swietenia mahago
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Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Major plantation areas and
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Haley, C. 1954. Forestry in Tropica
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Gross Domestic Product, a contribut
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A number of parasitoids have been b
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A Review of Hypsipyla grandella Zel
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Table 2. Summary of current and pas
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