Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...

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Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Malaysia Khoo Soo Ghee 1 Abstract Exotic species of the family Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae such as Swietenia spp. have been planted in Malaysia for more than 100 years but have incurred severe damage from Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) on various occasions. Khaya spp. were introduced from the late 1950s. The level of damage varies with location and planting type, with recent interplantings of Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. in a rubber plantation being free of damage. Emphasis on the exotic Swietenioideae has tended to overshadow the potential of the indigenous species such as Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem. and T. sureni (Blume) Merr. as timber trees suitable for plantation forestry. Although these species are all attacked by H. robusta, there appears to be a distinct preference for T. sureni over the others, just as there is a preference for Swietenia over Khaya or Cedrela among the exotic species. However, trial plantings of C. tabularis and T. sinensis in urban areas in Peninsula Malaysia were free from attack by H. robusta. H. robusta does present a serious problem in the reforestation of logged-over forests. Mixed plantings of different meliaceous species are proposed to determine whether a preferred species can successfully act as a trap crop in order to protect a less susceptible species from attack. Close surveillance and chemical or biological control measures may then be directed at the preferred species. IN 1992, the forestry sector was only exceeded by petroleum and natural gas in terms of value of export earnings from primary commodities, and contributed about 10% of Malaysia’s total export earnings of RM103.49 billion (approx. US$40 billion). Log production in 1992 was 43.5 million m 3 but has decreased since then. The major forest tree species planted in Malaysia are shown in Table 1. About 90% of the area planted to forestry plantations, excluding tree crops such as Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (rubber), Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm) and Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa) (indicated by * in Table 1), is planted to Acacia mangium Willd., Gmelina arborea Roxb. and Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen for production of general purpose timber. Tree crops as listed above are generally not included in statistics on forestry plantations even though in recent years rubber logs comprised between 10% and 14% of total log production and have been important in furniture manufacture. Recently, there have been 1 Forestry Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur 52109, Malaysia 24 trial plantings of rubber clones suitable for timber production and also the interplanting of timber trees among young plantings of rubber and oil palms by the private sector. In Peninsula Malaysia, most of the forest plantations are established by the government forest departments, but in Sabah, they are established mainly by the private sector. With the introduction of incentives for the establishment of forestry plantations, it is likely that there will be greater participation in Peninsula Malaysia by the private sector. Rising labour costs are also encouraging the conversion of rubber estates into mixed timber plantations. Presently, Tectona grandis Linn. f. and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacoby are being actively promoted for forest plantations by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Economic Importance and Success of Swietenioideae Species Statistics on the economic importance of species of the family Meliaceae, subfamily Swietenioideae, hereafter referred to as Swietenioideae, are difficult to obtain since harvesting of native species is usually
Table 1. Area of forestry plantations and current rate of planting in Malaysia. Tree species Area planted (current or recent) Current rate of planting Pinus spp. 5681 ha (Peninsula Malaysia) 1030 ha (Sabah 1991) negligible in Sarawak Acacia mangium Willd. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen Tectona grandis Linn. f. High-quality timber trees including T. grandis included in the general category of ‘mixed light hardwood’. However, the available data on native species of Swietenioideae in Malaysia and their significance to forestry in natural forests have been summarised in Table 2. Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. and Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. are probably the native species of most economic importance. Table 3 summarises the forestry significance and success of plantings of native and exotic species of Swietenioideae. Limits to Growth of Plantings of Swietenioideae Species 54 189 ha (Peninsula Malaysia 1994) 90 000 ha (Sabah 1995) 10 000 ha (Sarawak 1995) 1918 ha (Peninsula Malaysia 1994) 3624 ha (Sabah 1995) Swietenia macrophylla King 587 ha (Peninsula Malaysia 1994) 340 ha (Sabah 1992) Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. T. grandis K. ivorensis Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacoby Damage caused by Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) is the most serious limit to economical growing of species of Swietenioideae in Malaysia. The severity of damage varies with species and the type of planting, and some tree species have also been attacked by other species of insects. Limits to growth will be described for each of the species of Swietenioideae planted in Malaysia. Cedrela odorata L. has only been planted in small experimental open plantings, and from these very restricted trials only slight attack by H. robusta has been observed. 25 Discontinued in late 1980s in Peninsula Malaysia 188 000 ha to be planted in Peninsula Malaysia by 1995 but halted temporarily in 1992 due to heart rot problems. Moratorium lifted in 1994. Planting currently being promoted Depending on availability of planting material (Peninsula Malaysia) ≈200 ha Depending on availability of planting material 1187 ha (Peninsula Malaysia 1995) Private sector, increasing Hevea brasiliensis* Muell. Arg. 1 807 000 ha (1992) Declining Elaeis guineensis* Jacq. 2 167 396 ha (1992) Slight increase in 1993 Theobroma cacao* L. 388 700 ha (1992) Declining Total 168 576 ha (excluding*) 4 531 672 ha (including*) C. tabularis has been planted in open plantings in urban areas and has been performing quite well. There have been no positive or negative records of H. robusta damage. Two species of Khaya have been planted in Malaysia. K. ivorensis A. Chev. has been planted in enrichment plantings or interplanted with rubber while K. senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. is only used in urban forestry. K. senegalensis has not been observed to be attacked by H. robusta but is occasionally attacked by a defoliator, Attacus atlas Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). K. ivorensis planted in enrichment plantings in Sabah has incurred some damage from H. robusta. However, this damage was not as severe as for Swietenia macrophylla King planted in similar situations. Enrichment plantings of K. ivorensis in Peninsula Malaysia have also incurred a small amount of H. robusta damage while interplantings in rubber plantations have been free of attack. Another stem borer, Zeuzera coffeae Nietner (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), and a bark borer have occasionally caused damage to trees while Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and some other scolytids have caused severe damage to seedlings of K. ivorensis in nurseries.
Page 1 and 2: Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae
Page 3 and 4: Mayhew and Newton (1998) have revie
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. Summary of current and pas
Page 9 and 10: 26° 21° WEST BENGAL (INDIA) PACHA
Page 11 and 12: The only harvesting of Swietenioide
Page 15 and 16: H. robusta. From that time onwards,
Page 17 and 18: successful and is expected to have
Page 19 and 20: them are species of the subfamily S
Page 21: T. ciliata grows in dry deciduous f
Page 25 and 26: S. macrophylla and Swietenia mahago
Page 27 and 28: plantings of S. macrophylla, K. sen
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Major plantation areas and
Page 37 and 38: mixing seedlings of S. macrophylla,
Page 41 and 42: of these species, plantings have be
Page 43 and 44: 45 Table 5. Continued. Description
Page 45 and 46: 47 Table 6. Description of on-going
Page 47 and 48: locations were generally poorer, wi
Page 51 and 52: growth response and resultant form
Page 53 and 54: Mr David Spolc (University of Queen
Page 55 and 56: Haley, C. 1954. Forestry in Tropica
Page 57 and 58: Gross Domestic Product, a contribut
Page 59 and 60: A number of parasitoids have been b
Page 61 and 62: A Review of Hypsipyla grandella Zel

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