Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...

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• describe the relationship of H. robusta populations with the host plants; • identify if there is variation in susceptibility of West African Meliaceae; • determine if there is a genetic and biochemical basis for susceptibility or resistance; • test silvicultural systems such as the use of tree mixtures as an effective strategy in managing the insect; • acquire better knowledge of the efficacy of natural enemies and determine their potential use in biological control. To provide funds for all these is a considerable undertaking. I wish, therefore, to recommend the assistance of international organisations and institutions such as the ITTO, the Department of International Development (DFID) and others in providing the necessary funds for forestry research in West Africa and hope for their continued support. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank DFID for funding which has allowed the author to attend this workshop. The author would like to acknowledge the work of Mr Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong, FORIG, in rearing and collection of H. robusta. The author would also like to thank Dr Caroline Hauxwell and D. Martin Speight of the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford for permission to reproduce unpublished results and reports from the DFID Forestry Research Program project R6055. References Aninakwa, B. 1996. Present status of the forest resource base. Paper presented at the Workshop on Forest Plantation Development in Ghana at the Wood Industry Training Centre, Ejisu, Ashanti, 27–29 February 1996. Alder, D. 1989. Natural forest increment, growth and yield. In: Ghana Forestry Inventory Project Seminar Proceedings. 29–30 March 1989, Accra. Atuahene, S.K.N. and Souto, D. 1983. The rearing and biology of the Mahogany Shoot Borer Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on an artificial medium. Insect Science Application, 18: 319–325. Atuahene, S.K.N., Aninakwa, B., Watt, A.D., and Hauxwell, C. 1996. Development of an integrated strategy for reduction of shoot borer impact on West African mahogany plantations. Pre-project proposal to the International Tropical Timber Organisation serial no. PPD 19/ 96 Rev.1 (F), 50 p. Britwum, S.P.K. 1976. Natural and Artificial Regeneration Practices in the High Forest of Ghana. Ghana Forestry Journal, 2: 45–49. Brunck, F. and Mallet, B. 1993. Problems relating to pests attacking mahogany in Cote d’Ivoire. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 237: 9–29. 62 Cobbinah, J.R. 1990. The biology, seasonal activity and control of Phytolyma lata. IUFRO Regional Workshop on Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantations. 5–10 June 1988. Bangkok, Thailand. Couillard, R. and Guiol, F. 1980. Elevage en laboratoire de Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lép. Pyralidae). Revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 194: 36–40. Elliot, G. and Pleydell, G. 1992. Report on marketing and utilisation of plantation species, Ghana. Report for the Government of Ghana under assignment from DFID. Entwistle, P.F. 1968. The current situations on shoot, fruit and collar borers of the Meliaceae. 9th British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Oxford, U.K. FAO/UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project. Forest Resources of Africa. Part II: Country Briefs. FAO, Rome. Forest Products Inspection Bureau: Annual Report 1995. Takoradi, Ghana. Ghartey, K.K.F. 1989. Results of the Inventory. In: Ghana Forest Inventory Project Seminar Proceedings. Accra, 29–30 March, 1989. Hauxwell, C. 1997. Final report on project R6059 to the UK Overseas Development Administration Forestry Research Program. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. DFID Tropical Forestry Paper No.29. Newton, A.C., Baker, P., Ramnarine, S., Mesen, J.F., and Leakey, R.R.B. 1993. The mahogany shoot borer: prospects for control. Forest Ecology and Management, 57: 301–328. Nkansah-Kyere, M. 1974. Cedrela odorata in Ghana. Forest Products Res. Inst. Newsletter 8. (3/ 4), 14–18. Nsenkyire, EO. 1992. Ghana: Progress towards the year 2000 sustainable management of tropical forest. Forestry Department, Accra. Unpublished report. Ofosu-Asiedu, A., Nani-Nutakor, J.M., Foli, E.G., Nkyi, K.A. and Tufour, K.A. 1991. Man made forests of indigenous species in Ghana. A pre-project report sponsored by the ITTO prepared on behalf of Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Ghana. Osafo, E.D. 1970. Evolution and trends in silvicultural techniques applied to natural forests in Ghana. Forest Products Research Institutes Technical Note 13. Quaynor, S.O.A. 1971. Espacement trials of Cedrela spp at Pra Anum Research Station. Forest Products Research Institute Newsletter, 5 (1/2). Roberts, H. 1966. A survey of the important shoot, stem, wood, flower and fruit boring insects of the Meliaceae in Nigeria. Nigerian Forestry Information Bulletin (New Series), 15–38. Taylor, C.J. 1960. Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, London. UK Forestry Commission. 1995. Policy recommendations for sustainable Management of the Forest Resource in Ghana. Overseas Consultancy Service, Forestry Commission, U.K. Wagner, M.R., Atuahene, S.K.N. and Cobbinah J.R. 1991. Forest Entomology in West Tropical Africa: Forest Insects of Ghana. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 210 p. World Bank. 1988. Ghana Forest Resource Management Project working papers 1–6. Unpubl.
A Review of Hypsipyla grandella Zeller Research in Pará State, Brazil M.M. Maués 1 Abstract The shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller is the most important pest of the forest trees of the Meliaceae family (Swietenia macrophylla King, Cedrela odorata L. and Carapa guianensis Aubl.) in Pará State, Brazil. Despite the economic importance of these species and interest being shown by the timber industry in establishing plantations of S. macrophylla, little attention has been given to attempting to solve this problem. Two approaches to diminish the occurrence of attack have been investigated: firstly, to control the insect by the use of light traps; secondly, to use line planting and planting in species mixtures. The light trap proved ineffective even in small-scale plantations. The silvicultural methods reduced the level of attack but did not completely eliminate damage from H. grandella. No large-scale trials have been established. Due to the importance of these timbers in the local economy and in the international market, systematic research on H. grandella in the Amazon region is recommended as a priority. TIMBER products are the fourth most important source of export earnings in Pará State, Brazil. The most commercially important species of Meliaceae of the sub-family Swietenioideae are Swietenia macrophylla King (Mogno or ‘big leaf’ mahogany), Cedrela odorata L. (Cedro or Cedar) and Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Andiroba or Crabwood). These are exported in significant volumes from the state (Carvalho 1994a, b) (Figure 1) but are produced by selective logging from native forest at a rate that is considered unsustainable. Native species of Swietenioideae have been planted by enrichment of forests, in mixed species plantations and in agroforestry. Areas planted for each species are given in Table 1, with S. macrophylla being the most extensively planted. The greatest limitations to planting of these species are: damage caused by Hypsipyla grandella Zeller, competition for light in enrichment plantings, nutrient deficiencies and poor genetic makeup of the planting stock (Lyhr 1992). In addition, Khaya ivorensis A. 1 Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Entomology Lab. Cx. P. 48, CEP. 66.095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil, E-mail: marcia@ cpatu.embrapa.br 63 Chev. from west Africa and Toona cilliata Roem from Asia have been introduced on an experimental scale. Species of the genus Hypsipyla are found throughout the Americas (Berti Filho 1973; Newton et al. 1993). In Pará State, H. grandella is the most important pest of Meliaceae, attacking growing shoots of S. macrophylla, C. odorata and C. guianensis. Hypsipyla ferrealis only attacks the fruit of C. guianensis (Newton et al. 1993). There is no published information about H. grandella attack on T. ciliata in Pará State, despite an experiment that is being conducted in order to evaluate the ‘preference’ of H. grandella attack in a mixed 1:1 T. ciliata and S. macrophylla plantation. In an experimental K. ivorensis plantation in eastern Amazon, there was no damage caused by H. grandella, but there was severe damage by Trigona sp. causing either abnormal sprouting or atrophy of the stem (Falesi and Baena 1999). Control of H. grandella investigated in the Brazilian Amazon In Brazil, despite the economic importance of the Swietenioideae and the interest shown by the timber
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Table 1. Summary of current and pas
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