Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...

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Kina (million) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1985 1986 Oil & Minerals Forestry Agriculture & Fisheries Figure 1. Contribution of the three major export sectors to Papua New Guinea total exports. Economic Importance and Success of Swietenioideae Species Two species of the subfamily Swietenioideae of the family Meliaceae, Toona ciliata M. Roem. and T. sureni (Blume) Merr. occur in native forest in Papua New Guinea. These scattered trees are harvested by large private companies, producing a total of less than 800 m 3 per year of timber. The exact amount harvested of each species is not known since both species are harvested under the trade name of ‘Toona’. The current rate of harvesting of these species from native forest is considered sustainable. There are no commercial plantations of Toona spp. or any other species of Swietenioideae in Papua New Guinea due to the severe damage caused by Hypsipyla robusta (Moore). 1987 1988 1989 34 1990 1991 1992 Hypsipyla robusta Research and Future Directions There is no current research into H. robusta in Papua New Guinea and only limited research has been undertaken in the past year because the focus has been on harvesting Toona spp. from native forest rather than growing these and related species in plantations. In the Bulolo area (Morobe Province) in 1974, three line plantings of T. ciliata were established (3 m between lines) for experimental purposes on an area of open grassland dominated by Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Trees were established from cuttings treated with indole-acetic acid and indolebutyric acid (Merrifield and Howcroft 1975) since seedlings were unavailable. The trial was aborted 1993 1994
Table 1. Major plantation areas and tree species in Papua New Guinea. Project Province Ownership Total area (ha) Species (% of area of major species) Brown River Central Customary 1200 Tectona grandis Linn. f. (100%) Bulolo/Wau Morobe Government 13 000 Araucaria hunsteinii Schumann (50%) A. cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don (50%) Customary ? Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese (80%) P. caribaea Morelet Gogol Valley Madang Private 11 000 Acacia mangium Willd. (100%) Government 1200 Eucalyptus deglupta Blume (60%) Terminalia brassii Exell Fayantina Eastern Highlands Government/Customary 500 Pinus patula Schldl. and Cham. (100%) Kainantu Eastern Highlands Government 1000 P. patula (100%) Kaut New Ireland Government/Customary 250 E. deglupta (100%) Keravat East New Britain Customary 1900 T. grandis (80%) E. deglupta Ochroma lagopus Sw. Kuriva Central Government 600 T. grandis (100%) Lapegu Eastern Highlands Government 3200 P. patula (100%) Open Bay East New Britain Private 9200 E. deglupta (90%) T. brassii A. mangium Madang Madang Government 900 E. deglupta (48%) North Coast A. mangium (48%) T. brassii Stettin Bay West New Britain Private 8400 E. deglupta (80%) Octomeles sumatrana Mig. T. brassii A. mangium Ulabo Milne Bay Government 1500 T. brassii (80%) E. deglupta A. mangium Waghi Valley Western Highands Government 2100 E. grandis (49%) E. robusta (49%) P. patula Ialibu Southern Highlands Government 900 P. patula (96%) E. robusta after the first couple of years due to very severe attack by H. robusta resulting in the trees being of shrubby form and less than 1 m high. Swietenia macrophylla King and Toona sp. were planted in a plot of less than 1 ha in the Gogol Valley (Madang Province) in the mid 1970s at a 10 m × 10 m spacing as an enrichment planting following clear felling. Both these species were severely attacked by H. robusta virtually ever since planting which has resulted in the Toona sp. appearing as very bushy small trees. In contrast, the S. macrophylla has managed to grow through the damage and is showing very promising form and growth. 35 A few line plantings of S. macrophylla and Cedrela odorata L. have also been established at Bulolo in 1959 at a spacing of 2.4 m as a minor component of a plantation of A. cunninghamii and A. hunsteinii. The site was previously clear felled and logged. At Kuriva in the mid 1980s, a few line plantings of S. macrophylla were established on an old nursery site. At both locations, the trees have been attacked by H. robusta but have produced trees of good height and form. These results suggest that these exotic species of Swietenioideae may be successfully grown at low densities in mixed species plantings.
Page 1 and 2: Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae
Page 3 and 4: Mayhew and Newton (1998) have revie
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. Summary of current and pas
Page 9 and 10: 26° 21° WEST BENGAL (INDIA) PACHA
Page 11 and 12: The only harvesting of Swietenioide
Page 15 and 16: H. robusta. From that time onwards,
Page 17 and 18: successful and is expected to have
Page 19 and 20: them are species of the subfamily S
Page 21 and 22: T. ciliata grows in dry deciduous f
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. Area of forestry plantatio
Page 25 and 26: S. macrophylla and Swietenia mahago
Page 27 and 28: plantings of S. macrophylla, K. sen
Page 31: Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae
Page 37 and 38: mixing seedlings of S. macrophylla,
Page 41 and 42: of these species, plantings have be
Page 43 and 44: 45 Table 5. Continued. Description
Page 45 and 46: 47 Table 6. Description of on-going
Page 47 and 48: locations were generally poorer, wi
Page 51 and 52: growth response and resultant form
Page 53 and 54: Mr David Spolc (University of Queen
Page 55 and 56: Haley, C. 1954. Forestry in Tropica
Page 57 and 58: Gross Domestic Product, a contribut
Page 59 and 60: A number of parasitoids have been b
Page 61 and 62: A Review of Hypsipyla grandella Zel

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