Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae in Sri Lanka - Australian ...

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The use of artificial growth shelters, comprising UV stabilised polyethylene tubing (Growtubes TM ) increased growth rates up to five times that of unprotected trees (Applegate and Bragg 1989). Such growth rates were maintained in Growtubes up to 3 m high but the resultant trees were very slender and required continued support after their emergence from the Growtube. By protecting against exposure, stock, browsing animals, herbicide drift, and weed growth, Growtubes could reduce maintenance costs which would offset the high establishment costs. Growth in areas remote from Toona ciliata Several plantings of T. ciliata have been trialed in sites a long way from existing stands of T. ciliata in the hope that isolation will protect them from H. robusta. Some of these, most notably those on Norfolk Island (N. Taverner, Administration of Norfolk Island) and around Darwin, Northern Territory (D. Riley, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory, pers. comm.), have produced trees of good growth rate and form, which have remained undamaged by H. robusta many years after planting. The success of such plantings depends on the careful choice of sites, ensuring isolation from all H. robusta hosts, and taking into consideration the soil preferences, moisture requirements and frost susceptibility of the trees. Trees planted on unsuitable sites trees perform poorly regardless of the incidence of H. robusta. Successful site selection requires an adequate understanding of the flight capacity and host location ability of H. robusta adults. Host resistance The existence of naturally-resistant strains or individuals of T. ciliata in Australia has been frequently alluded to but little investigated (FAO 1958; Campbell 1966; Entwistle 1967). The species shows great phenotypic variability under natural conditions with variation in the degree of pubescence, growth rates, form, degree of deciduousness, level of anthocyanin in young leaves, and temperature tolerance (Herwitz 1993; Griffiths 1997) Some of these traits are likely to be heritable and have potential to influence damage levels, therefore offering the potential to breed for resistance. Recent trials in southeast Queensland found differences in the level of oviposition by H. robusta when comparing T. ciliata trees from different regions of Australia planted at a single site (Griffiths 1997). Trees from the most northern collection site (Iron Range: 12 o 43′S 143 o 18′E) consistently received fewer eggs than trees from five more southerly collection sites, 54 although the success of early instar feeding did not differ between provenances. A series of trials undertaken in the 1950s aimed to determine appropriate propagation techniques for T. ciliata in the event that a resistant strain was located (Sub-Department of Forestry 1956). Although some success was achieved with both cutting and grafting techniques, the potential of such methods for propagation of resistant trees was never tested. In the majority of experiments, resistance to H. robusta was not a criterion for selection of the parent trees. Most experiments were terminated prior to planting out. Current Researchers Dr Tom Bellas (CSIRO Entomology) has conducted much work investigating the pheromone blends of numerous insect species in Australia. Tom has undertaken a preliminary analysis of the chemical components present in volatiles collected from female H. robusta. Dr Rob Floyd (CSIRO Entomology) is project leader for the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) funded project to review the ecology and control of H. robusta in Asia and the Pacific (these Proceedings). His specific research interests are in the areas of host-plant resistance and forest pest management. Dr Manon Griffiths (CSIRO Entomology) completed her Ph.D. studies addressing aspects of the biology and host relations of H. robusta in Australia. Her study highlighted differences in the biology of H. robusta in Australia to that described from other countries, confirms the host range of the species in Australia, and investigates interspecific variability in host use. Dr Griffiths contribution to these Proceedings has been funded by ACIAR project FST/95/103. Dr Marianne Horak (CSIRO Entomology) is a leading taxonomist of the Pyralidae, and is currently undertaking preliminary taxonomic analysis of H. robusta in Australia. Dr Jianhu Mo (Department of Forestry, Australian National University) completed his Ph.D. on the ecology and behaviour of H. robusta. Dr Mo investigated temporal and spatial patterns of infestation, temperature-dependant development, feeding behaviour of larvae, reproductive activities and host selection behaviour. Dr Don Sands (CSIRO Entomology) is assisting in the ACIAR project FST/95/103 to review the ecology and control of H. robusta in Asia and the Pacific. He has significant expertise in the biological control of insect pests which he is interested in applying to Hypsipyla.
Mr David Spolc (University of Queensland) is currently studying for his Ph.D. by modelling the impact of H. robusta damage on form and size of T. ciliata. David’s work uses a virtual plant modelling system developed at the University of Calgary in Canada and CSIRO Entomology in Australia. The graphical form of the model allows viewers to view the possible responses to pest attack and management practises. Dr Ross Wylie (Queensland Forestry Research Institute) is assisting in the leadership and direction of the ACIAR project FST/95/103 reviewing the ecology and control of H. robusta in Asia and the Pacific. Ross has extensive expertise in the management of forest insect pests, which he is keen to apply to the control of Hypsipyla. References ABARE. 1995. Quarterly Forest Products Statistics, September Quarter, 69 p. ABARE. 1996a. Australian Commodities, 3(2): 155 p. ABARE. 1996b. Australian Forestry Statistics, March Quarter, 65 p. Applegate, G.B. and Bragg, A.L. 1989. Improved growth rates of red cedar (Toona australis (F. Muell.) Harms) seedlings in growtubes in north Queensland. Australian Forestry, 52: 293–297. Baur, G.N. 1962. Silvicultural practices in Rainforests of Northern New South Wales. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Division of Forest Management Research Note No. 9, 47 p. Bosson, G.A. and Gallois, M. 1982. Analyse de la secretion pheromonale emise par les femelles vierges de la Mineuse des pousses del’Acajou: Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae). C.R. Acadamie Sciences Paris, 294: 819–822. Cameron, D.M. and Jermyn, D. 1991. Review of Plantation Performance of High Value Rainforest Species. Brisbane, Queensland Forest Service/CSIRO, 60 p. Campbell, K.G. 1966. Aspects of insect-tree relationships in forests of eastern Australia. In: Gerhold, H.D., McDermott, R.E., Schreiner, E.J. and Winieski, J.A. ed. Breeding Pest-Resistant Trees. New York, Pergamon Press, 239–250. Entwistle, P.F. 1967. The current situation on shoot, fruit and collar borers of the Meliaceae. Paper presented at the Ninth British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 15 p. Food and Agriculture Organisation. 1958. Shoot borers of the Meliaceae. Unasylva, 12: 30–31. Forestry Commission of New South Wales. 1959. Fortythird Annual Report, 33. Forestry Commission of New South Wales. 1961. Fortyfifth Annual Report, 39. Froggatt, W.W. 1923. Forest Insects of Australia. Sydney, Government Printer, 171 p. Froggatt, W.W. 1927. Forest Insects and Timber Borers. Sydney, Government Printer, 107 p. 55 Girault, A.A. 1938. Some new Australasian insects which are parasites (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Revista de Entomologia, 8: 80–89. Grant, T.C. 1989. History of Forestry in New South Wales 1788 to 1988. Sydney, T.C. Grant, 320 p. Griffiths, M.W. 1997. The biology and host relations of the red cedar tip moth, Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Australia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane. 182 p. Haley, C. 1954. Forestry in Tropical Rainforests of Australia with Special Reference to the Present Status of Research Work. Queensland Forestry Department, 17 p. Herwitz, S.R. 1993. Growth rates of selected Australian tropical rainforest tree species under controlled conditions. Oecologia, 96: 232–238. Jolly, N.W. 1914. Annual Report of the Director of Forests. Queensland Forest Service, 1–5. Keys, M.G. and Nicholson, D.I. 1982. Underplanting of silvicultural treated rainforest in North Queensland. Queensland Department of Forestry, Unpublished Report No. 7, 20 p. Leggate, J. 1974. Weipa regeneration practice and policies. In: Some Aspects of Mine Rehabilitation in northern Australia. Based on papers presented to a regional symposium, Weipa, July 1974, p. 12–32. Mo, J. 1996. Some Aspects of the Ecology and Behaviour of the Australian Red Cedar Tip Moth, Hypsipyla robusta Moore. PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra. 278 p. Newport, H. 1904. Cedar -planting at Atherton. Queensland Agricultural Journal, December 1904: 738–744. Nicholson, D.I. 1974. Restoration of bauxite mines at Weipa. Queensland Department of Forestry Research Paper No. 5. 30 p. Nicholson, D.I. 1985. Forestry at Weipa. Paper presented at the Ninth North Australian Mine Rehabilitation Workshop, Weipa, 1985. 139–162. Nicholson, D.I., Henry, N.B., Rudder, J. and Anderson, T.M. 1983. Research Basis of Rainforest Management in North Queensland. Paper presented at the XV Pacific Science Congress, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1–11 February 1983, 23 p. Queensland Department of Forestry. 1983a. Division of Technical Services, Report of Research Activities for 1982, 1983, No. 4, 80 p. Queensland Department of Forestry. 1983b. Rainforest Research in North Queensland. Queensland Department of Forestry, 51 p. Queensland Department of Forestry. 1987. Division of Technical Services, Research Report 1986 and 1987, No. 6, 64 p. Queensland Forest Service. 1921. Directors Report. First half, 14–15. Sar, L. 1993. Australia’s forest industry: its size and contribution to employment and trade. Quarterly Forest Products Statistics, December Quarter, vii-x. Shea, G.M. 1992. New Timber Industry Based on Valuable Cabinetwoods and Hardwoods. Queensland Forest Service, 44 p. Sub-Department of Forestry. 1956. Annual Report of the Sub-Department of Forestry for the Year 1955–56. Queensland, 53 p.
Page 1 and 2: Hypsipyla Shoot Borers of Meliaceae
Page 3 and 4: Mayhew and Newton (1998) have revie
Page 7 and 8: Table 1. Summary of current and pas
Page 9 and 10: 26° 21° WEST BENGAL (INDIA) PACHA
Page 11 and 12: The only harvesting of Swietenioide
Page 15 and 16: H. robusta. From that time onwards,
Page 17 and 18: successful and is expected to have
Page 19 and 20: them are species of the subfamily S
Page 21 and 22: T. ciliata grows in dry deciduous f
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. Area of forestry plantatio
Page 25 and 26: S. macrophylla and Swietenia mahago
Page 27 and 28: plantings of S. macrophylla, K. sen
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Major plantation areas and
Page 37 and 38: mixing seedlings of S. macrophylla,
Page 41 and 42: of these species, plantings have be
Page 43 and 44: 45 Table 5. Continued. Description
Page 45 and 46: 47 Table 6. Description of on-going
Page 47 and 48: locations were generally poorer, wi
Page 51: growth response and resultant form
Page 55 and 56: Haley, C. 1954. Forestry in Tropica
Page 57 and 58: Gross Domestic Product, a contribut
Page 59 and 60: A number of parasitoids have been b
Page 61 and 62: A Review of Hypsipyla grandella Zel

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