An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW | 133 Protein synthesis consists of two main processes: transcription and translation. During the process of transcription—which occurs in the nucleus—an mRNA molecule is created by reading the DNA. Note that DNA never “becomes” RNA; rather, the DNA is “read” to make an RNA molecule. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and then, through the process of translation, the mRNA is read to create an amino acid sequence which folds into a protein. Consider what the terms “transcribe” and “translate” mean in relation to language. To “transcribe” something means to rewrite text again in the same language while to “translate” something means to rewrite the text in a different language. Similar to these meanings, in biology, DNA is transcribed into RNA: both DNA and RNA are made of nucleic acid (i.e., the same “language”). With the assistance of proteins, DNA is “read” and transcribed into an mRNA sequence. To read RNA and create protein, though, we refer to it as being translated: RNA is made of nucleic acid and protein is made of amino acid (i.e., different “languages”). Therefore, DNA is transcribed to create an mRNA sequence, and then the mRNA sequence is translated to make a protein. DNA and RNA The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the DNA is not enclosed in a membranous envelope. The cell’s entire genetic content is its genome, and the study of genomes is genomics. In eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotes, a DNA molecule may contain tens of thousands of genes. Many genes contain information to make protein products (e.g., mRNA). Other genes code for RNA products. DNA controls all of the cellular activities by turning the genes “on” or “off.” The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein synthesis. The DNA molecules never leave the nucleus but instead use an intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell. This intermediary is the messenger RNA (mRNA). Other types of RNA—like rRNA, tRNA, and microRNA—are involved in protein synthesis and its regulation.
134 | PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW DNA and RNA are comprised of monomers that scientists call nucleotides. The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA. Three components comprise each nucleotide: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group. Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to one or more phosphate groups. Therefore, although the terms “base” and “nucleotide” are sometimes used interchangeably, a nucleotide contains a base as well as part of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Comparison of RNA (left molecule) and DNA (right molecule). The color of the bases in RNA and DNA aligns with the colored boxes next to each base molecule. Exercises
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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3. Information Communication Andrea
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10. Species Interactions Andrea Bie
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16. Protein Synthesis Overview Andr
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INTRODUCTION Andrea Bierema This
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
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6 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Exercise Befo
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10 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Observations
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2. SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Andrea
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44 | BIBLIOGRAPHIES Take this quiz
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6. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Andrea B
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BIODIVERSITY | 53 An interactive or
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SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE CARBON CYC
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The Carbon Cycle SYSTEMS THINKING A
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Weather vs. Climate CLIMATE CHANGE
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 79 compared to the
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10. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Andrea Bie
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