An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES | 27 than chemotherapy. Given the novelty of CRISPR, its effectiveness and safety are continually studied and compared to traditional approaches. Depending on the findings of the research, some of these applications may be a scientific controversy and will take time to solve. De-extinction One of the more interesting conservation debates to have emerged in recent years involve efforts to reverse extinction. This field, known as de-extinction or resurrection biology aims to revive extinct species, and eventually to reintroduce viable populations to their original locations (Seddon, 2017). One possible method, called “breeding back”, aims to produce individuals genetically similar to an extinct species by selective breeding of extant species that carry the genetic material of their extinct relatives. This is the main method currently being used to revive the aurochs (Bos primigenius), the ancestor of today’s domestic cattle (Stokstad, 2015). Other “breeding back” projects place less emphasis on genetics and more on morphology, by selectively breeding individuals with certain traits to produce individuals that visually appear similar to the extinct species. Such is the case at The Quagga Project, where selectively breeding of plains zebras (Equus quagga) with quagga-like characteristics (reduced striping and brown hues) are resulting in animals that look increasingly like extinct quaggas (Harley et al., 2009). The second popular method used for de-extinction is cloning. This involves the transfer of viable genetic material from an extinct species to the eggs (or embryo) of a closely related surrogate mother, who will hopefully give birth to an individual of the extinct species. Cloning has been used in selective breeding of livestock for many years, and plans are also currently underway to use cloning to prevent the extinction of highly threatened species such as the northern white rhinoceros. Despite the promise that cloning offers for reviving extant and recently extinct species, cloning species that went extinct many years ago has been more challenging. So far, attempts to clone Spain’s Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) and Australia’s gastric-brooding frog (Rheobatrachus silus) have produced individuals that lived for only a few minutes (Ogden, 2014). Despite the progress made, de-extinction is one of the most controversial and polarising debates to emerge among conservation biologists in recent years. Proponents of de-extinction hope that the early work described above paves the way for the resurrection of Spanish ibex extinct species once the threats that drove them to extinction have been managed. Many de-extinction biologists have even started establishing banks where the genetic material of threatened species is cryopreserved for future use.
28 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES An interactive or media element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/isb202/?p=43 References Controversy. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/controversy Eggertson L. (2010). Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 182(4), E199–E200. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3179 General Medical Council. (28 January 2010). Fitness to practice panel hearing. Retrieved from The NHS website for England https://www.nhs.uk/news/2010/01January/Documents/ FACTS%20WWSM%20280110%20final%20complete%20corrected.pdf Harley, E.H., M.H. Knight, C. Lardner, et al. 2009. The Quagga project: Progress over 20 years of selective breeding. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39: 155–63. https://doi.org/10.3957/056.039.0206 Ogden, L.E. 2014. Extinction is forever… or is it? BioScience 64: 469–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/ biu063 Ryzik, M. (1 April 2016). Anti-vaccine film, pulled from Tribeca Film Festival, draws crowd at showing. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/nyregion/anti-vaccine-film-pulled-from-tribeca-filmfestival-draws-crowd-at-showing.html Seddon, P.J. 2017. The ecology of de-extinction. Functional Ecology 31: 992–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 1365-2435.12856 Stokstad, E. 2015. Bringing back the aurochs. Science 350: 1144–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.350.6265.1144 Wakefield A, Murch S, Anthony A; et al. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet. 351(9103): 637–41. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(97)11096-0. PMID 9500320. Attributions This chapter is a modified derivative of the following articles: “Extinction is Forever” by Wilson, J. W., & Primack, R. B., Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2019, Cambridge, UK, Open Book Publishers, CC BY 3.0. Understanding Science. 2020. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 11 June 2020 .
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