An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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21. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS V: ADDITIONAL REGULATION Andrea Bierema Learning Objective Students will be able to: • Identify ways in which gene expression is regulated during and after translation. Overview We have learned how we synthesize proteins and how gene expression is regulated before and after transcription, but the regulation can also happen during or after translation.
174 | PROTEIN SYNTHESIS V: ADDITIONAL REGULATION Regulation of Translation We already saw how miRNAs can inhibit translation, but there are a number of other ways that translation of an mRNA can also be regulated in a cell. One key step for regulation is translation initiation. In order for translation to begin, the ribosome, an RNA-and-protein complex that houses translation, must assemble on the mRNA. This process involves many “helper” proteins, which make sure the ribosome is correctly positioned. Translation can be regulated globally (for every mRNA in the cell) through changes in the availability or activity of the “helper” proteins. For example, in order for translation to begin, a protein called eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) must bind to a part of the ribosome called the small subunit. Binding of eIF-2 is controlled by phosphorylation, or addition of a phosphate group to the protein. When eIF-2 is phosphorylated, it’s turned “off”—it undergoes a shape-change and can no longer play its role in initiation, so translation cannot begin. When eIF-2 is not phosphorylated, in contrast, it’s “on” and can carry out its role in initiation, allowing translation to proceed.
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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3. Information Communication Andrea
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10. Species Interactions Andrea Bie
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16. Protein Synthesis Overview Andr
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INTRODUCTION Andrea Bierema This
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
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6 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Exercise Befo
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8 | NATURE OF SCIENCE At first, the
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10 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Observations
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12 | NATURE OF SCIENCE large- or sm
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14 | NATURE OF SCIENCE • Focuses
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2. SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Andrea
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22 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES A You
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3. INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Andrea
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32 | INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Lear
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38 | STAKEHOLDERS AND AUTHORITY Wha
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40 | STAKEHOLDERS AND AUTHORITY ful
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5. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Andrea Bierema an
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44 | BIBLIOGRAPHIES Take this quiz
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46 | BIBLIOGRAPHIES Exercise For th
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6. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Andrea B
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7. BIODIVERSITY Andrea Bierema Figu
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BIODIVERSITY | 53 An interactive or
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BIODIVERSITY | 55 here: https://ope
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BIODIVERSITY | 57 “Feeding platyp
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SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE CARBON CYC
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The Carbon Cycle SYSTEMS THINKING A
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Weather vs. Climate CLIMATE CHANGE
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Past Climate CLIMATE CHANGE | 73 Be
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 75 This 1°C chang
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 77 Results of Curr
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 79 compared to the
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10. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Andrea Bie
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 83 Exercise
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 85 An intera
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 87 For insta
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• Species Interaction Web © Andr
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Graph Interpretation POPULATION GRO
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POPULATION GROWTH | 93 Although sev
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POPULATION GROWTH | 95 Check out th
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POPULATION GROWTH | 97 Density is a
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POPULATION GROWTH | 99 The previous
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12. EVOLUTION Andrea Bierema Learni
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EVOLUTION | 103 An interactive or m
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EVOLUTION | 105 To continue learnin
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EVOLUTION | 107 Carrion crow There
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13. PHYLOGENETIC TREES: MODELING EV
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Understanding Phylogenies PHYLOGENE
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UNIT III MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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116 | INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIO
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15. PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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120 | PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIO
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An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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