An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II: RNA PROCESSING | 159 A nucleotide sugar is composed of 5 carbons; each one is numbered (the apostrophe ” ‘ ” is called “prime”). Phosphates bind to the 3′ carbon and the 5′ carbon of each sugar. One end of a DNA or RNA molecule ends with the 3′ carbon exposed and the other side ends with a phosphate attached to the last sugar’s 5′ end. This is why one end is referred to as 3′ and the other end is referred to as 5’. 5′ Capping While the pre-mRNA is still being synthesized, a 7-methylguanosine cap is added to the 5′ end of the growing transcript by a phosphate linkage. This functional group protects the nascent mRNA from degradation. In addition, factors involved in protein synthesis recognize the cap to help initiate translation by ribosomes. 3′ Poly-A Tail Once elongation is complete, the pre-mRNA is cleaved by an endonuclease between an AAUAAA consensus sequence and a GU-rich sequence, leaving the AAUAAA sequence on the pre-mRNA. An enzyme called poly- A polymerase then adds a string of approximately 200 A residues, called the poly-A tail. This modification further protects the pre-mRNA from degradation and is also the binding site for a protein necessary for exporting the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm. Below is a more complete diagram of mRNA processing.
160 | PROTEIN SYNTHESIS II: RNA PROCESSING This image is a more complete representation of RNA processing than the original one introduced earlier in this chapter. In addition to the removal of the introns, the mature mRNA has a cap on one end and poly-A tail on the other end. Test Your Understanding An interactive or media element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/isb202/?p=276 Attribution This chapter is a modified derivative of the following articles: “Genes and Proteins” by OpenStax College, Biology 2e, CC BY 4.0. Download the original article for free at https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/15-introduction
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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3. Information Communication Andrea
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10. Species Interactions Andrea Bie
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16. Protein Synthesis Overview Andr
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INTRODUCTION Andrea Bierema This
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
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6 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Exercise Befo
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8 | NATURE OF SCIENCE At first, the
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2. SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Andrea
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3. INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Andrea
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5. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Andrea Bierema an
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6. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Andrea B
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7. BIODIVERSITY Andrea Bierema Figu
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BIODIVERSITY | 53 An interactive or
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BIODIVERSITY | 55 here: https://ope
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SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE CARBON CYC
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 79 compared to the
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10. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Andrea Bie
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 83 Exercise
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• Species Interaction Web © Andr
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EVOLUTION | 103 An interactive or m
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