An Interactive Introduction to Organismal and Molecular Biology, 2021

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GENETIC ENGINEERING | 179 A YouTube element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/isb202/?p=284 An Example of Genetic Engineering: Insulin Production Normally, insulin is produced in the pancreas, but in people with type 1 diabetes, there is a problem with insulin production. People with diabetes, therefore, have to inject insulin to control their blood sugar levels. Genetic engineering has been used to produce a type of insulin in yeast and in bacteria like E. coli that is very similar to our own. This genetically modified insulin, Humulin was licensed for human use in 1982. To produce genetically-engineered insulin, a small, circular DNA called a plasmid is extracted from the bacteria or yeast cell. A small section is then cut out of the circular plasmid by restriction enzymes that act as “molecular scissors.” The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid, creating a genetically modified plasmid. This genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. This cell divides rapidly and starts making insulin. To create large amounts of the cells, the genetically modified bacteria or yeast are grown in large fermentation vessels that contain all the nutrients they need. The more the cells divide, the more insulin
180 | GENETIC ENGINEERING is produced. When fermentation is complete, the mixture is filtered to release the insulin. The insulin is then purified and packaged into bottles and insulin pens for distribution to patients with diabetes. An illustration showing how genetic modification is used to produce insulin in bacteria. Mosquitos and the Lethal Gene
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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An Interactive Introduction to Orga
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3. Information Communication Andrea
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10. Species Interactions Andrea Bie
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16. Protein Synthesis Overview Andr
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INTRODUCTION Andrea Bierema This
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
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6 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Exercise Befo
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8 | NATURE OF SCIENCE At first, the
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10 | NATURE OF SCIENCE Observations
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12 | NATURE OF SCIENCE large- or sm
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14 | NATURE OF SCIENCE • Focuses
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2. SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Andrea
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18 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES As yo
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20 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES An in
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22 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES A You
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24 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Examp
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26 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES Even
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28 | SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES An in
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3. INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Andrea
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32 | INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Lear
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34 | INFORMATION COMMUNICATION and
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36 | INFORMATION COMMUNICATION Befo
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38 | STAKEHOLDERS AND AUTHORITY Wha
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40 | STAKEHOLDERS AND AUTHORITY ful
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5. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Andrea Bierema an
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44 | BIBLIOGRAPHIES Take this quiz
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46 | BIBLIOGRAPHIES Exercise For th
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6. INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Andrea B
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7. BIODIVERSITY Andrea Bierema Figu
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BIODIVERSITY | 53 An interactive or
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BIODIVERSITY | 55 here: https://ope
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BIODIVERSITY | 57 “Feeding platyp
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SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE CARBON CYC
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The Carbon Cycle SYSTEMS THINKING A
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Weather vs. Climate CLIMATE CHANGE
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Past Climate CLIMATE CHANGE | 73 Be
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 75 This 1°C chang
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 77 Results of Curr
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CLIMATE CHANGE | 79 compared to the
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10. SPECIES INTERACTIONS Andrea Bie
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 83 Exercise
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 85 An intera
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SPECIES INTERACTIONS | 87 For insta
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• Species Interaction Web © Andr
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Graph Interpretation POPULATION GRO
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POPULATION GROWTH | 93 Although sev
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POPULATION GROWTH | 95 Check out th
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POPULATION GROWTH | 97 Density is a
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POPULATION GROWTH | 99 The previous
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12. EVOLUTION Andrea Bierema Learni
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EVOLUTION | 103 An interactive or m
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EVOLUTION | 105 To continue learnin
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EVOLUTION | 107 Carrion crow There
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13. PHYLOGENETIC TREES: MODELING EV
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Understanding Phylogenies PHYLOGENE
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UNIT III MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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116 | INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIO
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15. PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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120 | PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIO
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